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Original Article
Online Published: 04 Mar 2023
 


Outcomes of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women according to gestational age: a retrospective study

Ayman Oraif, Hessan Bagasi, Yusra Aljifri, Alhanouf Almuwallad, Marah Sindi, Manal Althakafi.


Abstract
Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease wherein enough insulin is not synthesized. Women are affected at any age, including reproductive years, which can increase adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Although various studies have focused on the outcomes of T1DM during pregnancy, none have assessed the relationship between T1DM during pregnancy and gestational age. This study compared the outcomes of T1DM in pregnant women according to gestational age.
Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed patient files (2010-2019) and included 105 pregnant women with T1DM and no other comorbidities. Exclusion criteria included gestational diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, diabetes of unknown type, and pregnancies <20 weeks. By logistic regression, we assessed the relationship between fetal outcome, body mass index, and glycohemoglobin (HbA1c).
Results: Of the 105 pregnant women with T1DM, 95 met the inclusion criteria. The participants’ age, gravidity, parity, and abortions ranged from 19 to 49 years, 1 to 11, 0 to 9, and 0 to 9, respectively. Per gestational age, most newborns were full-term (52.20%), followed by preterm (46.70%) and late-term (1.10%). Congenital anomalies were related to gestational age (p = 0.001); abnormalities were reported in one late-term, six preterms, and one full-term newborn.
Conclusions: This study confirmed the correlation between gestational age and congenital anomalies; fullterm pregnancies had the least fetal complications. Better maternal care, continuous follow-up, and management of HbA1c levels would improve maternal and fetal morbidity rates. Further studies are needed to specify the best gestational age for optimal outcomes.

Key words: Type 1 diabetes, perinatal outcomes, pregnancy, gestational age


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Oraif A, Bagasi H, Aljifri Y, Almuwallad A, Sindi M, Althakafi M. Outcomes of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women according to gestational age: a retrospective study. IJMDC. 2023; 7(7): 984-991. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673288391

Web Style

Oraif A, Bagasi H, Aljifri Y, Almuwallad A, Sindi M, Althakafi M. Outcomes of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women according to gestational age: a retrospective study. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=138074 [Access: June 23, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673288391

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Oraif A, Bagasi H, Aljifri Y, Almuwallad A, Sindi M, Althakafi M. Outcomes of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women according to gestational age: a retrospective study. IJMDC. 2023; 7(7): 984-991. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673288391


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Oraif A, Bagasi H, Aljifri Y, Almuwallad A, Sindi M, Althakafi M. Outcomes of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women according to gestational age: a retrospective study. IJMDC. (2023), [cited June 23, 2026]; 7(7): 984-991. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673288391


Harvard Style

Oraif, A., Bagasi, . H., Aljifri, . Y., Almuwallad, . A., Sindi, . M. & Althakafi, . M. (2023) Outcomes of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women according to gestational age: a retrospective study. IJMDC, 7 (7), 984-991. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673288391


Turabian Style

Oraif, Ayman, Hessan Bagasi, Yusra Aljifri, Alhanouf Almuwallad, Marah Sindi, and Manal Althakafi. 2023. Outcomes of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women according to gestational age: a retrospective study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 7 (7), 984-991. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673288391


Chicago Style

Oraif, Ayman, Hessan Bagasi, Yusra Aljifri, Alhanouf Almuwallad, Marah Sindi, and Manal Althakafi. "Outcomes of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women according to gestational age: a retrospective study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 7 (2023), 984-991. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673288391


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Oraif, Ayman, Hessan Bagasi, Yusra Aljifri, Alhanouf Almuwallad, Marah Sindi, and Manal Althakafi. "Outcomes of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women according to gestational age: a retrospective study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 7.7 (2023), 984-991. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673288391


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Oraif, A., Bagasi, . H., Aljifri, . Y., Almuwallad, . A., Sindi, . M. & Althakafi, . M. (2023) Outcomes of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women according to gestational age: a retrospective study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 7 (7), 984-991. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673288391




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