Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to all 5 stages of kidney damage, from very mild damage in Stage 1 to complete kidney failure in Stage 5. CKD results in increased morbidity and mortality in high-risk patients. Hyperuricemia and anemia are the two well-studied complications of CKD which progresses along with the severity of the disease. Thus, this study intended to assess hyperuricemia and anemia in patients with different stages of CKD in Nepal population.
Methodology: Two hundred seventy-seven patients (217 cases and 60 controls) were enrolled in this study. Laboratory analysis was done at Modern Technical College Clinical Laboratory, Nepal. Serum uric acid, creatinine, urea, and hemoglobin concentration were measured using spectrophotometric assay.
Results: The prevalence of anemia in stage 2, 3, 4 and 5 were found to be 21.80%, 55.50%, 83.70%, and 91.50% respectively with an overall prevalence of 62.21% among CKD patients. Hemoglobin level was found significantly lower in CKD subjects than non-CKD controls (p<0.001). Among the total subjects, 48.3% of CKD cases and 20% of non-CKD controls had anemia. The incidence of hyperuricemia in stage 2, 3, 4 and 5 was found to be 7.8%, 20%, 24.3%, and 35.20% respectively with an overall prevalence of 25.1% among CKD patients. Uric acid levels were significantly higher in CKD subjects than non-CKD controls (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The present study depicts a high incidence of anemia and hyperuricemia with the progression of CKD in the Nepal population. Hence, the study reports a strong association of anemia and hyperuricemia with CKD.

Key words: Anemia, hyperuricemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), hemoglobin