Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is one of the most common peripheral neuropathies, with significant variability in prevalence across populations. Various risk factors, including occupational, demographic, and lifestyle fac tors, contributed to the development of CTS. Despite extensive research, the global prevalence of CTS and its associated risk factors remain inadequately understood. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive estimate of CTS prevalence and identify key risk factors based on the available literature. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for relevant studies published from January 2015 to June 2024. Studies reporting the prevalence of CTS and related risk factors were included. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to estimate pooled prevalence, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for identified risk factors. A total of 11 studies were included, representing 12,749 participants. The pooled global prevalence of CTS was 33.8%, with a meta-analytical prevalence of 21.65%. Significant risk factors identified included female gender (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.38-1.75), older age (OR = 1.22 for age ≥45, p-value = 0.031), and obesity (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.88 2.42). Lifestyle factors like smoking and physical inactivity further exacerbated the risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a substantial global burden of CTS, with specific demographic, occupational, and lifestyle factors contributing to its prevalence. Women, older adults, and individuals engaged in repetitive hand-intensive occupations are particularly at risk.

Key words: Prevalence, risk factors, carpal tunnel syndrome, systematic review, meta-analysis.