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Review Article
Online Published: 21 Oct 2025
 


Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review

Bader Khalid Alanazi, Talal Khalid R. Alruwaili, Basil Dhaifallah M. Alruwaili, Wael Lafi Q. Alruwaili, Ziyad Ahmad H. Alhazmi, Hatim Radhi H. Alruwaili, Ibrahim Ali Alzaben, Majed L. Alruwaili.


Abstract
Anemia is a highly prevalent and consequential complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). While erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) have been the cornerstone of treatment for decades, safety concerns regarding higher hemoglobin targets and the challenge of ESA hyporesponsiveness persist. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the current evidence on the efficacy and safety of various ESA formulations and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) for managing anemia in CKD patients. A systematic literature search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines across several databases. Twelve studies (5 RCTs, 7 observational studies) were included after screening. Two independent reviewers performed study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment. The reviewed evidence confirmed the efficacy of all ESA types (epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, darbepoetin alfa) and the HIF-PHI roxadustat in correcting hemoglobin levels. Roxadustat was non-inferior to epoetin alfa and demonstrated potential superior efficacy in one real-world study. Key modifiable risk factors for ESA hyporesponsiveness were identified, including iron deficiency (low TSAT), inflammation (high ferritin), and malnutrition (low albumin). Targeting a higher hemoglobin level (≥11 g/dL) in hyporesponsive patients did not improve renal or cardiovascular outcomes. Beyond hematological correction, ESA therapy was associated with improved endothelial function and a reduction in left ventricular mass. Darbepoetin alfa, administered every four weeks, was found to be more cost-effective than continuous erythropoietin (EPO) receptor activator (CERA). So, ESAs and HIF-PHIs are effective for anemia correction across the CKD spectrum. The choice of agent should consider efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness, and patient-specific factors to optimize outcomes.

Key words: Chronic kidney disease, anemia, erythropoietin, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, systematic review


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alanazi BK, Alruwaili TKR, Alruwaili BDM, Alruwaili WLQ, Alhazmi ZAH, Alruwaili HRH, Alzaben IA, Alruwaili ML. Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. IJMDC. Online First: 21 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758782697

Web Style

Alanazi BK, Alruwaili TKR, Alruwaili BDM, Alruwaili WLQ, Alhazmi ZAH, Alruwaili HRH, Alzaben IA, Alruwaili ML. Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=286383 [Access: October 22, 2025]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758782697

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alanazi BK, Alruwaili TKR, Alruwaili BDM, Alruwaili WLQ, Alhazmi ZAH, Alruwaili HRH, Alzaben IA, Alruwaili ML. Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. IJMDC. Online First: 21 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758782697


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alanazi BK, Alruwaili TKR, Alruwaili BDM, Alruwaili WLQ, Alhazmi ZAH, Alruwaili HRH, Alzaben IA, Alruwaili ML. Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. IJMDC, [cited October 22, 2025]; Online First: 21 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758782697


Harvard Style

Alanazi, B. K., Alruwaili, . T. K. R., Alruwaili, . B. D. M., Alruwaili, . W. L. Q., Alhazmi, . Z. A. H., Alruwaili, . H. R. H., Alzaben, . I. A. & Alruwaili, . M. L. (2025) Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. IJMDC, Online First: 21 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758782697


Turabian Style

Alanazi, Bader Khalid, Talal Khalid R. Alruwaili, Basil Dhaifallah M. Alruwaili, Wael Lafi Q. Alruwaili, Ziyad Ahmad H. Alhazmi, Hatim Radhi H. Alruwaili, Ibrahim Ali Alzaben, and Majed L. Alruwaili. 2025. Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 21 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758782697


Chicago Style

Alanazi, Bader Khalid, Talal Khalid R. Alruwaili, Basil Dhaifallah M. Alruwaili, Wael Lafi Q. Alruwaili, Ziyad Ahmad H. Alhazmi, Hatim Radhi H. Alruwaili, Ibrahim Ali Alzaben, and Majed L. Alruwaili. "Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 21 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758782697


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alanazi, Bader Khalid, Talal Khalid R. Alruwaili, Basil Dhaifallah M. Alruwaili, Wael Lafi Q. Alruwaili, Ziyad Ahmad H. Alhazmi, Hatim Radhi H. Alruwaili, Ibrahim Ali Alzaben, and Majed L. Alruwaili. "Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 21 Oct, 2025. Web. 22 Oct 2025 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758782697


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alanazi, B. K., Alruwaili, . T. K. R., Alruwaili, . B. D. M., Alruwaili, . W. L. Q., Alhazmi, . Z. A. H., Alruwaili, . H. R. H., Alzaben, . I. A. & Alruwaili, . M. L. (2025) Efficacy and safety of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 21 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758782697




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