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Review Article
Online Published: 16 Dec 2025
 


Psychiatric manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in adults

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi, Abdulsalam Fahad Althobity, Abdullah Dhaifallah M Alotaibi, Ibrahim Nasser M Almuhaihi, Lamis Hamad M Aloraini, Abdullah Mohammed A Alotaibi, Odai Helal M Al Swat, Lujain Hamad M Aloraini, Hanouf Hamed Alhamyani.


Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction is common in adults and has clinically relevant psychiatric manifestations. Clarifying which thyroid phenotypes are linked to depression and anxiety can inform screening and management. We conducted a PRISMA-guided systematic review of peer-reviewed studies in adults assessing psychiatric outcomes in overt and subclinical hypo and hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis, compared with euthyroid or general-population controls. Observational designs (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) and trials were eligible. Two reviewers performed study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias appraisal with standardized tools. Ten studies met inclusion criteria (two nationwide registry cohorts, one prospective cohort, one case-control, six cross-sectional). Across registry cohorts, risks of psychiatric diagnoses and initiation of antidepressants, anxiolytics were elevated around the time of thyroid disease diagnosis, with some excess risk observed pre-diagnosis and persisting after treatment. In clinical comparisons, patients with Graves’ disease reported higher anxiety burden than those with nodular goitre, and untreated hypothyroidism correlated with greater depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders. Evidence for subclinical hypothyroidism was mixed in community cohorts and did not consistently predict incident depression. In euthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis, case-control data showed higher odds of mood and anxiety disorders versus matched controls, suggesting immune mechanisms independent of frank hormone derangement. Overt thyroid disorders and autoimmune thyroiditis show the clearest associations with depressive and anxiety outcomes, while links with subclinical dysfunction are heterogeneous. Routine mental-health screening is warranted in overt disease and autoimmune thyroiditis, alongside individualized endocrine management.

Key words: thyroid dysfunction; hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism; autoimmune thyroiditis; depression; anxiety; psychiatric morbidity


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alanazi MM, Althobity AF, Alotaibi ADM, Almuhaihi INM, Aloraini LHM, Alotaibi AMA, Swat OHMA, Aloraini LHM, Alhamyani HH. Psychiatric manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in adults. IJMDC. 2025; 9(11): 2927-2933. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1762157311

Web Style

Alanazi MM, Althobity AF, Alotaibi ADM, Almuhaihi INM, Aloraini LHM, Alotaibi AMA, Swat OHMA, Aloraini LHM, Alhamyani HH. Psychiatric manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in adults. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=294260 [Access: June 23, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1762157311

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alanazi MM, Althobity AF, Alotaibi ADM, Almuhaihi INM, Aloraini LHM, Alotaibi AMA, Swat OHMA, Aloraini LHM, Alhamyani HH. Psychiatric manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in adults. IJMDC. 2025; 9(11): 2927-2933. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1762157311


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alanazi MM, Althobity AF, Alotaibi ADM, Almuhaihi INM, Aloraini LHM, Alotaibi AMA, Swat OHMA, Aloraini LHM, Alhamyani HH. Psychiatric manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in adults. IJMDC. (2025), [cited June 23, 2026]; 9(11): 2927-2933. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1762157311


Harvard Style

Alanazi, M. M., Althobity, . A. F., Alotaibi, . A. D. M., Almuhaihi, . I. N. M., Aloraini, . L. H. M., Alotaibi, . A. M. A., Swat, . O. H. M. A., Aloraini, . L. H. M. & Alhamyani, . H. H. (2025) Psychiatric manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in adults. IJMDC, 9 (11), 2927-2933. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1762157311


Turabian Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Abdulsalam Fahad Althobity, Abdullah Dhaifallah M Alotaibi, Ibrahim Nasser M Almuhaihi, Lamis Hamad M Aloraini, Abdullah Mohammed A Alotaibi, Odai Helal M Al Swat, Lujain Hamad M Aloraini, and Hanouf Hamed Alhamyani. 2025. Psychiatric manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in adults. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (11), 2927-2933. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1762157311


Chicago Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Abdulsalam Fahad Althobity, Abdullah Dhaifallah M Alotaibi, Ibrahim Nasser M Almuhaihi, Lamis Hamad M Aloraini, Abdullah Mohammed A Alotaibi, Odai Helal M Al Swat, Lujain Hamad M Aloraini, and Hanouf Hamed Alhamyani. "Psychiatric manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in adults." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9 (2025), 2927-2933. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1762157311


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Abdulsalam Fahad Althobity, Abdullah Dhaifallah M Alotaibi, Ibrahim Nasser M Almuhaihi, Lamis Hamad M Aloraini, Abdullah Mohammed A Alotaibi, Odai Helal M Al Swat, Lujain Hamad M Aloraini, and Hanouf Hamed Alhamyani. "Psychiatric manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in adults." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9.11 (2025), 2927-2933. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1762157311


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alanazi, M. M., Althobity, . A. F., Alotaibi, . A. D. M., Almuhaihi, . I. N. M., Aloraini, . L. H. M., Alotaibi, . A. M. A., Swat, . O. H. M. A., Aloraini, . L. H. M. & Alhamyani, . H. H. (2025) Psychiatric manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in adults. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (11), 2927-2933. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1762157311




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