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Review Article
Online Published: 23 Jan 2026
 


Impact of proprioceptive exercise on postural control and balance in diabetic neuropathy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ammnah Edrees Aljaafari, Alhanouf Oudah Alasmari, Ryhana Jafar Adhneen, Ibrahim Abdullah Alsinan, Assal Badr Aldeen Hobani, Mohammad Hassan Al Hamoud, Farah Nedal Alratrout, Hadiel Mohamed Hamid, Aya Sami Dahroug, Htoon Abdullatif Alawwad, Alanoud Nasser Alshahrani, Abdullah Almaqhawi.


Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy often harms postural control, making patients more prone to fall. Proprioceptive exercise is thought to improve neuromuscular coordination and balance; however, past findings with diabetic neuropathy patients have been mixed. To evaluate whether proprioceptive exercise, alone or combined with other interventions, improves balance among adults with diabetic neuropathy, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guide lines. Searches were performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect up to September 2024. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials involving adults with diabetic neuropathy who received proprioceptive exercise compared with control groups. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using random-effects models to estimate pooled effects. Twelve randomized controlled trials (n = 515) were included, published between 2010 and 2024, originating mainly from India, Iran, South Korea, Pakistan, and the USA. Pooled analysis showed a statistically significant moderate-to-large improvement in balance with proprioceptive training (SMD = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.13-1.38; p = 0.021). Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 82.3%), and Egger’s test indicated possible publication bias (t = 2.93, p = 0.0127). Proprioceptive exercise significantly enhances balance in adults with diabetic neuropathy, although heterogeneity and potential publication bias warrant cautious interpretation. Standardized protocols and larger multicenter trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Key words: Proprioceptive exercise, diabetic neuropathy, balance.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Aljaafari AE, Alasmari AO, Adhneen RJ, Alsinan IA, Hobani ABA, Hamoud MHA, Alratrout FN, Hamid HM, Dahroug AS, Alawwad HA, Alshahrani AN, Almaqhawi A. Impact of proprioceptive exercise on postural control and balance in diabetic neuropathy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. IJMDC. 2026; 10(2): 727-738. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764165613

Web Style

Aljaafari AE, Alasmari AO, Adhneen RJ, Alsinan IA, Hobani ABA, Hamoud MHA, Alratrout FN, Hamid HM, Dahroug AS, Alawwad HA, Alshahrani AN, Almaqhawi A. Impact of proprioceptive exercise on postural control and balance in diabetic neuropathy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=299599 [Access: June 27, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764165613

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Aljaafari AE, Alasmari AO, Adhneen RJ, Alsinan IA, Hobani ABA, Hamoud MHA, Alratrout FN, Hamid HM, Dahroug AS, Alawwad HA, Alshahrani AN, Almaqhawi A. Impact of proprioceptive exercise on postural control and balance in diabetic neuropathy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. IJMDC. 2026; 10(2): 727-738. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764165613


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Aljaafari AE, Alasmari AO, Adhneen RJ, Alsinan IA, Hobani ABA, Hamoud MHA, Alratrout FN, Hamid HM, Dahroug AS, Alawwad HA, Alshahrani AN, Almaqhawi A. Impact of proprioceptive exercise on postural control and balance in diabetic neuropathy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. IJMDC. (2026), [cited June 27, 2026]; 10(2): 727-738. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764165613


Harvard Style

Aljaafari, A. E., Alasmari, . A. O., Adhneen, . R. J., Alsinan, . I. A., Hobani, . A. B. A., Hamoud, . M. H. A., Alratrout, . F. N., Hamid, . H. M., Dahroug, . A. S., Alawwad, . H. A., Alshahrani, . A. N. & Almaqhawi, . A. (2026) Impact of proprioceptive exercise on postural control and balance in diabetic neuropathy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. IJMDC, 10 (2), 727-738. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764165613


Turabian Style

Aljaafari, Ammnah Edrees, Alhanouf Oudah Alasmari, Ryhana Jafar Adhneen, Ibrahim Abdullah Alsinan, Assal Badr Aldeen Hobani, Mohammad Hassan Al Hamoud, Farah Nedal Alratrout, Hadiel Mohamed Hamid, Aya Sami Dahroug, Htoon Abdullatif Alawwad, Alanoud Nasser Alshahrani, and Abdullah Almaqhawi. 2026. Impact of proprioceptive exercise on postural control and balance in diabetic neuropathy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (2), 727-738. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764165613


Chicago Style

Aljaafari, Ammnah Edrees, Alhanouf Oudah Alasmari, Ryhana Jafar Adhneen, Ibrahim Abdullah Alsinan, Assal Badr Aldeen Hobani, Mohammad Hassan Al Hamoud, Farah Nedal Alratrout, Hadiel Mohamed Hamid, Aya Sami Dahroug, Htoon Abdullatif Alawwad, Alanoud Nasser Alshahrani, and Abdullah Almaqhawi. "Impact of proprioceptive exercise on postural control and balance in diabetic neuropathy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10 (2026), 727-738. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764165613


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Aljaafari, Ammnah Edrees, Alhanouf Oudah Alasmari, Ryhana Jafar Adhneen, Ibrahim Abdullah Alsinan, Assal Badr Aldeen Hobani, Mohammad Hassan Al Hamoud, Farah Nedal Alratrout, Hadiel Mohamed Hamid, Aya Sami Dahroug, Htoon Abdullatif Alawwad, Alanoud Nasser Alshahrani, and Abdullah Almaqhawi. "Impact of proprioceptive exercise on postural control and balance in diabetic neuropathy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10.2 (2026), 727-738. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764165613


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Aljaafari, A. E., Alasmari, . A. O., Adhneen, . R. J., Alsinan, . I. A., Hobani, . A. B. A., Hamoud, . M. H. A., Alratrout, . F. N., Hamid, . H. M., Dahroug, . A. S., Alawwad, . H. A., Alshahrani, . A. N. & Almaqhawi, . A. (2026) Impact of proprioceptive exercise on postural control and balance in diabetic neuropathy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (2), 727-738. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764165613




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