Tissue-specific vitamin D thresholds for metabolic syndrome mitigation: a precision dosage regimen based on ex vivo insulin sensitivity and calcium homeostasis profiling

Maryam Mohammed Abdulaal; Raghad Omar Al-Attas; Lina Saleh Aljohani; Maram Abdulrahman Alhazmi; Laila Mohammed Daftardar; Elaf Mohammed Emam; Osama Saeed Alghamdi; Nawaf Saeed Alzahrani; Marwah Alsalman; Saad Ahmed Alghamdi; Aram Zaid Albarakati; Mostafa Habeeb Alhodibi

doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1765686333

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Original Article
Online Published: 19 Jan 2026

IJMDC. 2026; 10(1): 155-162

doi: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1765686333

Tissue-specific vitamin D thresholds for metabolic syndrome mitigation: a precision dosage regimen based on ex vivo insulin sensitivity and calcium homeostasis profiling

Maryam Mohammed Abdulaal, Raghad Omar Al-attas, Lina Saleh Aljohani, Maram Abdulrahman Alhazmi, Laila Mohammed Daftardar, Elaf Mohammed Emam, Osama Saeed Alghamdi, Nawaf Saeed Alzahrani, Marwah Alsalman, Saad Ahmed Alghamdi, Aram Zaid Albarakati, Mostafa Habeeb Alhodibi.

Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the possibility of creating an accurate dosing regimen that would estimate organ-specific levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) thresholds, maximizing insulin sensitivity without disrupting calcium homeostasis.
Methods: Metabolic syndrome and vitamin D deficiency go hand in hand, but the typical supplementation does not consider the tissue-specific differences regarding vitamin D metabolism. To achieve the best possible insulin sensitivity results by balancing calcium levels, a precision dosing system was developed that established organ-specific thresholds for 25(OH)D. Ex vivo adipose, muscle, and liver cultures were exposed to graded titrations of 25(OH)D to find saturation levels of glucose uptake and insulin signaling. These limits were translated into individualized serum goals using the pharmacokinetic model optimized via reinforcement learning. This system was better than conventional dosing in Saudi adults and enhanced metabolism and inter-tissue variability.
Results: The dynamic dosing system was more effective than empirical vitamin D supplementation in enhancing insulin sensitivity, lowering inflammation, and addressing tissue-specific inconsistencies in vitamin D response in Saudi adults with metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion: This accuracy-dosing platform enhanced metabolic malfunction in metabolic syndrome-affected patients and also provided a scalable paradigm of nutrient optimization in managing chronic diseases. It promoted accuracy in nutrition by matching the supplement to the biological requirements of the tissues.

Key words: Vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, tissue-specific thresholds, metabolic syndrome, ex vivo tissue profiling, calcium homeostasis.

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Pubmed Style

Abdulaal MM, Al-attas RO, Aljohani LS, Alhazmi MA, Daftardar LM, Emam EM, Alghamdi OS, Alzahrani NS, Alsalman M, Alghamdi SA, Albarakati AZ, Alhodibi MH. Tissue-specific vitamin D thresholds for metabolic syndrome mitigation: a precision dosage regimen based on ex vivo insulin sensitivity and calcium homeostasis profiling. IJMDC. 2026; 10(1): 155-162. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1765686333

Web Style

Abdulaal MM, Al-attas RO, Aljohani LS, Alhazmi MA, Daftardar LM, Emam EM, Alghamdi OS, Alzahrani NS, Alsalman M, Alghamdi SA, Albarakati AZ, Alhodibi MH. Tissue-specific vitamin D thresholds for metabolic syndrome mitigation: a precision dosage regimen based on ex vivo insulin sensitivity and calcium homeostasis profiling. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=303140 [Access: January 25, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1765686333

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Abdulaal MM, Al-attas RO, Aljohani LS, Alhazmi MA, Daftardar LM, Emam EM, Alghamdi OS, Alzahrani NS, Alsalman M, Alghamdi SA, Albarakati AZ, Alhodibi MH. Tissue-specific vitamin D thresholds for metabolic syndrome mitigation: a precision dosage regimen based on ex vivo insulin sensitivity and calcium homeostasis profiling. IJMDC. 2026; 10(1): 155-162. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1765686333

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Abdulaal MM, Al-attas RO, Aljohani LS, Alhazmi MA, Daftardar LM, Emam EM, Alghamdi OS, Alzahrani NS, Alsalman M, Alghamdi SA, Albarakati AZ, Alhodibi MH. Tissue-specific vitamin D thresholds for metabolic syndrome mitigation: a precision dosage regimen based on ex vivo insulin sensitivity and calcium homeostasis profiling. IJMDC. (2026), [cited January 25, 2026]; 10(1): 155-162. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1765686333

Harvard Style

Abdulaal, M. M., Al-attas, . R. O., Aljohani, . L. S., Alhazmi, . M. A., Daftardar, . L. M., Emam, . E. M., Alghamdi, . O. S., Alzahrani, . N. S., Alsalman, . M., Alghamdi, . S. A., Albarakati, . A. Z. & Alhodibi, . M. H. (2026) Tissue-specific vitamin D thresholds for metabolic syndrome mitigation: a precision dosage regimen based on ex vivo insulin sensitivity and calcium homeostasis profiling. IJMDC, 10 (1), 155-162. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1765686333

Turabian Style

Abdulaal, Maryam Mohammed, Raghad Omar Al-attas, Lina Saleh Aljohani, Maram Abdulrahman Alhazmi, Laila Mohammed Daftardar, Elaf Mohammed Emam, Osama Saeed Alghamdi, Nawaf Saeed Alzahrani, Marwah Alsalman, Saad Ahmed Alghamdi, Aram Zaid Albarakati, and Mostafa Habeeb Alhodibi. 2026. Tissue-specific vitamin D thresholds for metabolic syndrome mitigation: a precision dosage regimen based on ex vivo insulin sensitivity and calcium homeostasis profiling. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (1), 155-162. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1765686333

Chicago Style

Abdulaal, Maryam Mohammed, Raghad Omar Al-attas, Lina Saleh Aljohani, Maram Abdulrahman Alhazmi, Laila Mohammed Daftardar, Elaf Mohammed Emam, Osama Saeed Alghamdi, Nawaf Saeed Alzahrani, Marwah Alsalman, Saad Ahmed Alghamdi, Aram Zaid Albarakati, and Mostafa Habeeb Alhodibi. "Tissue-specific vitamin D thresholds for metabolic syndrome mitigation: a precision dosage regimen based on ex vivo insulin sensitivity and calcium homeostasis profiling." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10 (2026), 155-162. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1765686333

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Abdulaal, Maryam Mohammed, Raghad Omar Al-attas, Lina Saleh Aljohani, Maram Abdulrahman Alhazmi, Laila Mohammed Daftardar, Elaf Mohammed Emam, Osama Saeed Alghamdi, Nawaf Saeed Alzahrani, Marwah Alsalman, Saad Ahmed Alghamdi, Aram Zaid Albarakati, and Mostafa Habeeb Alhodibi. "Tissue-specific vitamin D thresholds for metabolic syndrome mitigation: a precision dosage regimen based on ex vivo insulin sensitivity and calcium homeostasis profiling." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10.1 (2026), 155-162. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1765686333

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Abdulaal, M. M., Al-attas, . R. O., Aljohani, . L. S., Alhazmi, . M. A., Daftardar, . L. M., Emam, . E. M., Alghamdi, . O. S., Alzahrani, . N. S., Alsalman, . M., Alghamdi, . S. A., Albarakati, . A. Z. & Alhodibi, . M. H. (2026) Tissue-specific vitamin D thresholds for metabolic syndrome mitigation: a precision dosage regimen based on ex vivo insulin sensitivity and calcium homeostasis profiling. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (1), 155-162. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1765686333

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