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Original Article
Online Published: 16 Jan 2026
 


Assessment of public awareness, attitude, and willingness toward bleeding control among bystanders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia

Khalid S. Alrougi, Talal A. Ali, Aryaf F. Alobaidi, Bassam A. Alsulami, Shuruq A. Khodri, Sarah S. Alsarhani, Wajd S. Almehmadi, Mohammed J. Alfattany, Mohammed M. Alkot.


Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness, attitude, and willingness of bystanders toward bleeding control, and to explore the influence of demographic characteristics, previous first aid training, and common misconceptions on readiness to intervene.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in Makkah City using a structured electronic questionnaire. Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of bleeding emergencies, awareness of bleeding-control methods, willingness to use a tourniquet, and confidence in handling emergencies.
Results: A total of 426 participants were surveyed, most of whom were males (54.2%) and aged 18–29 years (46.2%). Awareness that bleeding is a leading cause of death was high (88.5%). While just over half believed tourniquet use was secure (51.4%), only 51.6% reported willingness to use one. Pressing on the wound was the most recognized bleeding-control method (30.3%). Misconceptions regarding compression bandages were common, with 63.8% believing they should be placed incorrectly. Prior first aid training was significantly associated with willingness to use a tourniquet (χ²=22.268, p<0.001) and with higher confidence levels (χ²=28.177, p<0.001). Males showed greater confidence than females (χ²=9.916, p=0.002). Age was also significantly associated with confidence (χ²=7.903, p=0.019).
Conclusion: The current findings revealed that while public awareness of bleeding severity was moderate, practical readiness remains limited, and misconceptions persisted. Confidence and willingness to intervene were significantly higher among those with first aid training, which underscores its critical role. Expanding accessible, skill-based bleeding-control education is essential to strengthen community response and improve survival in prehospital emergencies.

Key words: Bleeding control, bystander intervention, tourniquet use, awareness, Saudi Arabia.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alrougi KS, Ali TA, Alobaidi AF, Alsulami BA, Khodri SA, Alsarhani SS, Almehmadi WS, Alfattany MJ, Alkot MM. Assessment of public awareness, attitude, and willingness toward bleeding control among bystanders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2026; 10(1): 268-275. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767115670

Web Style

Alrougi KS, Ali TA, Alobaidi AF, Alsulami BA, Khodri SA, Alsarhani SS, Almehmadi WS, Alfattany MJ, Alkot MM. Assessment of public awareness, attitude, and willingness toward bleeding control among bystanders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=305047 [Access: January 25, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767115670

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alrougi KS, Ali TA, Alobaidi AF, Alsulami BA, Khodri SA, Alsarhani SS, Almehmadi WS, Alfattany MJ, Alkot MM. Assessment of public awareness, attitude, and willingness toward bleeding control among bystanders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2026; 10(1): 268-275. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767115670


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alrougi KS, Ali TA, Alobaidi AF, Alsulami BA, Khodri SA, Alsarhani SS, Almehmadi WS, Alfattany MJ, Alkot MM. Assessment of public awareness, attitude, and willingness toward bleeding control among bystanders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. (2026), [cited January 25, 2026]; 10(1): 268-275. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767115670


Harvard Style

Alrougi, K. S., Ali, . T. A., Alobaidi, . A. F., Alsulami, . B. A., Khodri, . S. A., Alsarhani, . S. S., Almehmadi, . W. S., Alfattany, . M. J. & Alkot, . M. M. (2026) Assessment of public awareness, attitude, and willingness toward bleeding control among bystanders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, 10 (1), 268-275. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767115670


Turabian Style

Alrougi, Khalid S., Talal A. Ali, Aryaf F. Alobaidi, Bassam A. Alsulami, Shuruq A. Khodri, Sarah S. Alsarhani, Wajd S. Almehmadi, Mohammed J. Alfattany, and Mohammed M. Alkot. 2026. Assessment of public awareness, attitude, and willingness toward bleeding control among bystanders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (1), 268-275. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767115670


Chicago Style

Alrougi, Khalid S., Talal A. Ali, Aryaf F. Alobaidi, Bassam A. Alsulami, Shuruq A. Khodri, Sarah S. Alsarhani, Wajd S. Almehmadi, Mohammed J. Alfattany, and Mohammed M. Alkot. "Assessment of public awareness, attitude, and willingness toward bleeding control among bystanders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10 (2026), 268-275. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767115670


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alrougi, Khalid S., Talal A. Ali, Aryaf F. Alobaidi, Bassam A. Alsulami, Shuruq A. Khodri, Sarah S. Alsarhani, Wajd S. Almehmadi, Mohammed J. Alfattany, and Mohammed M. Alkot. "Assessment of public awareness, attitude, and willingness toward bleeding control among bystanders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10.1 (2026), 268-275. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767115670


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alrougi, K. S., Ali, . T. A., Alobaidi, . A. F., Alsulami, . B. A., Khodri, . S. A., Alsarhani, . S. S., Almehmadi, . W. S., Alfattany, . M. J. & Alkot, . M. M. (2026) Assessment of public awareness, attitude, and willingness toward bleeding control among bystanders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (1), 268-275. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767115670




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