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Original Article
Online Published: 10 Feb 2026
 


Dry eye disease among adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional analysis of behavioral determinants and sunglasses use

Mohammed Q. Dibaji, Osama Ahmed Mobarki, Ali Abdu Dagreri, Osama Ali Alotayf, Omar Mohammed Jabari, Abdulrahman Abdu Daghreeri, Eyad Mohammed Albarrati, Abdulquddus Hussain Alhazmi, Raghad Salman Alamri, Waad Khamis Najmi, Linan Mohammed Khormi, Amani Abdulmanam Alali.


Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) and identify its contributing factors, with a particular focus on sun exposure and protective behaviors such as sunglasses use.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 626 participants from the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia, recruited via convenience sampling. Data were collected using an online questionnaire comprising four sections: socio demographic, medical and ophthalmic history, DED characteristics, and sun exposure and protection behaviors using the sun exposure and protection index (SEPI). A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictors of self-reported DED.
Results: Among participants, 31.6% had DED. Significant independent risk factors included a history of blepharitis (OR = 33.72, p-value = 0.003), refractive surgery (OR = 7.49, p < 0.001), and weekly contact lens use (OR = 5.40, p-value = 0.009). Systemic conditions, such as hyperlipidemia (OR = 2.26, p-value = 0.049) and asthma (OR = 2.07, p-value = 0.048), were also significant risk factors, as were higher sun exposure scores on the SEPI scale (OR = 1.09, p-value = 0.001) and increasing age.
Conclusion: DED was highly prevalent in the Jazan region. The findings confirmed established risk factors and uniquely highlighted the modifiable risk of excessive sun exposure, as well as the protective role of sun protection behaviors, including sunglasses use, in an extreme climate.

Key words: Dry eye disease, sun exposure, sunglasses, Saudi Arabia, behavioral determinants


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Dibaji MQ, Mobarki OA, Dagreri AA, Alotayf OA, Jabari OM, Daghreeri AA, Albarrati EM, Alhazmi AH, Alamri RS, Najmi WK, Khormi LM, Alali AA. Dry eye disease among adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional analysis of behavioral determinants and sunglasses use. IJMDC. 2026; 10(2): 701-708. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1768927584

Web Style

Dibaji MQ, Mobarki OA, Dagreri AA, Alotayf OA, Jabari OM, Daghreeri AA, Albarrati EM, Alhazmi AH, Alamri RS, Najmi WK, Khormi LM, Alali AA. Dry eye disease among adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional analysis of behavioral determinants and sunglasses use. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=307501 [Access: June 27, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1768927584

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Dibaji MQ, Mobarki OA, Dagreri AA, Alotayf OA, Jabari OM, Daghreeri AA, Albarrati EM, Alhazmi AH, Alamri RS, Najmi WK, Khormi LM, Alali AA. Dry eye disease among adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional analysis of behavioral determinants and sunglasses use. IJMDC. 2026; 10(2): 701-708. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1768927584


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Dibaji MQ, Mobarki OA, Dagreri AA, Alotayf OA, Jabari OM, Daghreeri AA, Albarrati EM, Alhazmi AH, Alamri RS, Najmi WK, Khormi LM, Alali AA. Dry eye disease among adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional analysis of behavioral determinants and sunglasses use. IJMDC. (2026), [cited June 27, 2026]; 10(2): 701-708. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1768927584


Harvard Style

Dibaji, M. Q., Mobarki, . O. A., Dagreri, . A. A., Alotayf, . O. A., Jabari, . O. M., Daghreeri, . A. A., Albarrati, . E. M., Alhazmi, . A. H., Alamri, . R. S., Najmi, . W. K., Khormi, . L. M. & Alali, . A. A. (2026) Dry eye disease among adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional analysis of behavioral determinants and sunglasses use. IJMDC, 10 (2), 701-708. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1768927584


Turabian Style

Dibaji, Mohammed Q., Osama Ahmed Mobarki, Ali Abdu Dagreri, Osama Ali Alotayf, Omar Mohammed Jabari, Abdulrahman Abdu Daghreeri, Eyad Mohammed Albarrati, Abdulquddus Hussain Alhazmi, Raghad Salman Alamri, Waad Khamis Najmi, Linan Mohammed Khormi, and Amani Abdulmanam Alali. 2026. Dry eye disease among adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional analysis of behavioral determinants and sunglasses use. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (2), 701-708. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1768927584


Chicago Style

Dibaji, Mohammed Q., Osama Ahmed Mobarki, Ali Abdu Dagreri, Osama Ali Alotayf, Omar Mohammed Jabari, Abdulrahman Abdu Daghreeri, Eyad Mohammed Albarrati, Abdulquddus Hussain Alhazmi, Raghad Salman Alamri, Waad Khamis Najmi, Linan Mohammed Khormi, and Amani Abdulmanam Alali. "Dry eye disease among adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional analysis of behavioral determinants and sunglasses use." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10 (2026), 701-708. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1768927584


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Dibaji, Mohammed Q., Osama Ahmed Mobarki, Ali Abdu Dagreri, Osama Ali Alotayf, Omar Mohammed Jabari, Abdulrahman Abdu Daghreeri, Eyad Mohammed Albarrati, Abdulquddus Hussain Alhazmi, Raghad Salman Alamri, Waad Khamis Najmi, Linan Mohammed Khormi, and Amani Abdulmanam Alali. "Dry eye disease among adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional analysis of behavioral determinants and sunglasses use." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10.2 (2026), 701-708. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1768927584


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Dibaji, M. Q., Mobarki, . O. A., Dagreri, . A. A., Alotayf, . O. A., Jabari, . O. M., Daghreeri, . A. A., Albarrati, . E. M., Alhazmi, . A. H., Alamri, . R. S., Najmi, . W. K., Khormi, . L. M. & Alali, . A. A. (2026) Dry eye disease among adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional analysis of behavioral determinants and sunglasses use. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (2), 701-708. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1768927584




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