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Original Article
Online Published: 17 Aug 2026
 


Knowledge and awareness of drug overdose in emergency departments among primary health care workers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia

Hussam Ishag Isa, Abdulelah Amin Sait, Mamdouh Saeedan Alqurashi, Shomokh Faisal Alotaibi, Mohammed Jafar Khusayfan, Hisham Fouzan Almatrfi, Abdullah S. Alibrahim, Ibrahim Mohammed Jely, Mohammad Mahmoud Alkot.


Abstract
Objective:
This study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding drug overdose recognition and management among healthcare workers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among healthcare workers in Makkah city using an online questionnaire. The study included 457 participants from different healthcare specialties. Data regarding demographic characteristics, commonly encountered overdoses, and knowledge of overdose recognition and management were collected and analyzed.
Results:
Most participants were aged 20–30 years (321, 70.2%), male (318, 69.6%), Saudi nationals (404, 88.4%), and doctors (290, 63.5%). Antibiotic overdose was the most commonly reported type (140, 30.6%), followed by acetaminophen (80, 17.5%) and opioid overdose (78, 17.1%). Correct knowledge regarding naloxone use was identified in 384 (84.0%) participants, while 368 (80.5%) correctly recognized the importance of rescue breathing. High knowledge levels were observed in 37.0% of participants. Significant associations with knowledge level were found for age, duration of medication use, and addicts’ age (p<0.001). Logistic regression identified nationality (OR=0.458, p=0.017), workplace (OR=0.540, p=0.032), duration of medication use >5 years (OR=2.543, p<0.001), and addicts’ age (OR=1.486, p=0.015) as significant predictors.
Conclusion:
Healthcare workers demonstrated moderate to high awareness regarding drug overdose management; however, knowledge gaps remained. Continuous educational and emergency training programs are recommended to improve overdose management competencies among healthcare workers.

Key words: Emergency, overdose, knowledge, health care workers, Saudi Arabia, awareness, emergency department


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Isa HI, Sait AA, Alqurashi MS, Alotaibi SF, Khusayfan MJ, Almatrfi HF, Alibrahim AS, Jely IM, Alkot MM. Knowledge and awareness of drug overdose in emergency departments among primary health care workers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. Online First: 17 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783352959

Web Style

Isa HI, Sait AA, Alqurashi MS, Alotaibi SF, Khusayfan MJ, Almatrfi HF, Alibrahim AS, Jely IM, Alkot MM. Knowledge and awareness of drug overdose in emergency departments among primary health care workers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=326918 [Access: August 17, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783352959

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Isa HI, Sait AA, Alqurashi MS, Alotaibi SF, Khusayfan MJ, Almatrfi HF, Alibrahim AS, Jely IM, Alkot MM. Knowledge and awareness of drug overdose in emergency departments among primary health care workers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. Online First: 17 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783352959


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Isa HI, Sait AA, Alqurashi MS, Alotaibi SF, Khusayfan MJ, Almatrfi HF, Alibrahim AS, Jely IM, Alkot MM. Knowledge and awareness of drug overdose in emergency departments among primary health care workers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, [cited August 17, 2026]; Online First: 17 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783352959


Harvard Style

Isa, H. I., Sait, . A. A., Alqurashi, . M. S., Alotaibi, . S. F., Khusayfan, . M. J., Almatrfi, . H. F., Alibrahim, . A. S., Jely, . I. M. & Alkot, . M. M. (2026) Knowledge and awareness of drug overdose in emergency departments among primary health care workers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, Online First: 17 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783352959


Turabian Style

Isa, Hussam Ishag, Abdulelah Amin Sait, Mamdouh Saeedan Alqurashi, Shomokh Faisal Alotaibi, Mohammed Jafar Khusayfan, Hisham Fouzan Almatrfi, Abdullah S. Alibrahim, Ibrahim Mohammed Jely, and Mohammad Mahmoud Alkot. 2026. Knowledge and awareness of drug overdose in emergency departments among primary health care workers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 17 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783352959


Chicago Style

Isa, Hussam Ishag, Abdulelah Amin Sait, Mamdouh Saeedan Alqurashi, Shomokh Faisal Alotaibi, Mohammed Jafar Khusayfan, Hisham Fouzan Almatrfi, Abdullah S. Alibrahim, Ibrahim Mohammed Jely, and Mohammad Mahmoud Alkot. "Knowledge and awareness of drug overdose in emergency departments among primary health care workers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 17 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783352959


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Isa, Hussam Ishag, Abdulelah Amin Sait, Mamdouh Saeedan Alqurashi, Shomokh Faisal Alotaibi, Mohammed Jafar Khusayfan, Hisham Fouzan Almatrfi, Abdullah S. Alibrahim, Ibrahim Mohammed Jely, and Mohammad Mahmoud Alkot. "Knowledge and awareness of drug overdose in emergency departments among primary health care workers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 17 Aug, 2026. Web. 17 Aug 2026 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783352959


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Isa, H. I., Sait, . A. A., Alqurashi, . M. S., Alotaibi, . S. F., Khusayfan, . M. J., Almatrfi, . H. F., Alibrahim, . A. S., Jely, . I. M. & Alkot, . M. M. (2026) Knowledge and awareness of drug overdose in emergency departments among primary health care workers in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 17 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783352959




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