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2026, Vol: 10, Issue: 9
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Review Article
Online Published: 27 Sep 2026
 


Diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound for testicular torsion performed by emergency physicians

Nasir A. Ali, Abdullah Omar A. Alnomany, Fahad Saleem G Alatawi, Zaid Mansour Lkhathlan, Turki Saleh Almutairi, Abdulkarim Fawaz Alabdulkarim, Waleed Khalid Aldajani, Waleed Khalid Almutairi, Faisal Abdu M. Otain, Saleh Mansour Alobisy, Abdullah S. Almutairi.


Abstract
Testicular torsion is a time-sensitive urological emergency requiring prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention to prevent testicular loss, atrophy, and infertility. Although Doppler ultrasonography performed by radiologists is considered the diagnostic standard, delays in imaging might postpone treatment. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) performed by emergency physicians has emerged as a rapid bedside diagnostic tool. This systematic review evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of emergency physician-performed POCUS for testicular torsion and identified factors influencing its performance. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies included males presenting with acute scrotal pain who underwent bedside ultrasound performed or interpreted by emergency physicians, with surgical findings and/or expert radiology assessment used as the reference standard. Sixteen studies involving 1,192 participants met the inclusion criteria. Reported sensitivity ranged from 62% to 100%, while specificity ranged from 53.8% to 100%. Diagnostic accuracy was influenced by symptom duration, partial or early torsion, and the operator's training and experience. Several studies reported that POCUS reduced the time to definitive management compared with radiology-performed ultrasound and facilitated bedside manual detorsion by confirming restoration of blood flow using Doppler imaging. Bedside POCUS performed by trained emergency physicians provides a rapid and clinically useful method for evaluating suspected testicular torsion. Standardized training and diagnostic protocols are essential to optimize accuracy, reduce delays in surgical intervention, and improve patient outcomes.

Key words: Diagnostic accuracy, testicular torsion, point-of-care ultrasound, emergency physicians, systematic review


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Ali NA, Alnomany AOA, Alatawi FSG, Lkhathlan ZM, Almutairi TS, Alabdulkarim AF, Aldajani WK, Almutairi WK, Otain FAM, Alobisy SM, Almutairi AS. Diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound for testicular torsion performed by emergency physicians. IJMDC. Online First: 27 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1784024818

Web Style

Ali NA, Alnomany AOA, Alatawi FSG, Lkhathlan ZM, Almutairi TS, Alabdulkarim AF, Aldajani WK, Almutairi WK, Otain FAM, Alobisy SM, Almutairi AS. Diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound for testicular torsion performed by emergency physicians. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=327800 [Access: September 27, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1784024818

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Ali NA, Alnomany AOA, Alatawi FSG, Lkhathlan ZM, Almutairi TS, Alabdulkarim AF, Aldajani WK, Almutairi WK, Otain FAM, Alobisy SM, Almutairi AS. Diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound for testicular torsion performed by emergency physicians. IJMDC. Online First: 27 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1784024818


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Ali NA, Alnomany AOA, Alatawi FSG, Lkhathlan ZM, Almutairi TS, Alabdulkarim AF, Aldajani WK, Almutairi WK, Otain FAM, Alobisy SM, Almutairi AS. Diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound for testicular torsion performed by emergency physicians. IJMDC, [cited September 27, 2026]; Online First: 27 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1784024818


Harvard Style

Ali, N. A., Alnomany, . A. O. A., Alatawi, . F. S. G., Lkhathlan, . Z. M., Almutairi, . T. S., Alabdulkarim, . A. F., Aldajani, . W. K., Almutairi, . W. K., Otain, . F. A. M., Alobisy, . S. M. & Almutairi, . A. S. (2026) Diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound for testicular torsion performed by emergency physicians. IJMDC, Online First: 27 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1784024818


Turabian Style

Ali, Nasir A., Abdullah Omar A. Alnomany, Fahad Saleem G Alatawi, Zaid Mansour Lkhathlan, Turki Saleh Almutairi, Abdulkarim Fawaz Alabdulkarim, Waleed Khalid Aldajani, Waleed Khalid Almutairi, Faisal Abdu M. Otain, Saleh Mansour Alobisy, and Abdullah S. Almutairi. 2026. Diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound for testicular torsion performed by emergency physicians. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 27 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1784024818


Chicago Style

Ali, Nasir A., Abdullah Omar A. Alnomany, Fahad Saleem G Alatawi, Zaid Mansour Lkhathlan, Turki Saleh Almutairi, Abdulkarim Fawaz Alabdulkarim, Waleed Khalid Aldajani, Waleed Khalid Almutairi, Faisal Abdu M. Otain, Saleh Mansour Alobisy, and Abdullah S. Almutairi. "Diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound for testicular torsion performed by emergency physicians." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 27 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1784024818


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Ali, Nasir A., Abdullah Omar A. Alnomany, Fahad Saleem G Alatawi, Zaid Mansour Lkhathlan, Turki Saleh Almutairi, Abdulkarim Fawaz Alabdulkarim, Waleed Khalid Aldajani, Waleed Khalid Almutairi, Faisal Abdu M. Otain, Saleh Mansour Alobisy, and Abdullah S. Almutairi. "Diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound for testicular torsion performed by emergency physicians." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 27 Sep, 2026. Web. 27 Sep 2026 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1784024818


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Ali, N. A., Alnomany, . A. O. A., Alatawi, . F. S. G., Lkhathlan, . Z. M., Almutairi, . T. S., Alabdulkarim, . A. F., Aldajani, . W. K., Almutairi, . W. K., Otain, . F. A. M., Alobisy, . S. M. & Almutairi, . A. S. (2026) Diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound for testicular torsion performed by emergency physicians. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 27 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1784024818




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