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Review Article
Online Published: 30 Sep 2026
 


From Detection to Care: Referral and Diagnostic Completion After School-Based Hearing Screening in Children : A Systematic Review

Alwaleed K Alabdali, Sumaiyah Bukhari, Obai T Mesawa, Lana Madani Alomar, Rayyan Abdulraheem Mohammed Alkenany, Faisal Mansour Alsayed, Ahmed Waheeb, Esam Sameer Alharbi, Faisal Essam H Rajkhan, Sarah Hatem Talab, Abdullah Abdulhameed Alolyan.


Abstract
benefit only when a screen-positive child completes diagnostic assessment. Loss to follow-up has been reviewed for newborn screening; the school-age equivalent has not. This is a systematic review of prevalence-type data, prospectively registered (PROSPERO CRD420261468585), reported per PRISMA 2020. Four sources were searched on 3 August 2026, with citation chasing, hand-searching and grey literature. Two reviewers screened and extracted independently with a named adjudicator; risk of bias used the JBI prevalence checklist. Proportions were assigned to transitions on a pre-specified S0–S6 taxonomy with verbatim outcome definitions. Six pre-specified gates governed pooling, recorded before any estimate was computed. Of 12,275 records, 10,885 were screened, 419 sought and 166 assessed; 22 studies from 12 countries and three World Bank income groups, none low-income, were included. 253 reports were never retrieved. No gate set was satisfied and no estimate was pooled. Only two studies define and report completed diagnostic assessment (70.7% of screen-positives; 65.8% of referrals, different denominators); neither states a follow-up horizon. The rest report attendance, referral issuance or diagnostic yield. Attendance after referral ranged from 14.3% to 90.8%, partly definitional rather than real. In the only randomized evidence, telemedicine referral increased follow-up (adjusted RR 2.32, 95% CI 1.41–3.80, school-age; RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.22–2.01, preschool). The proportion completing diagnostic assessment after school-based hearing screening cannot be estimated: the literature largely does not measure it. Studies should report each stage's numerator, denominator, verbatim event definition and counting window.

Key words: Hearing screening, school health services, loss to follow-up, child, systematic review, referral and consultation


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alabdali AK, Bukhari S, Mesawa OT, Alomar LM, Alkenany RAM, Alsayed FM, Waheeb A, Alharbi ES, Rajkhan FEH, Talab SH, Alolyan AA. From Detection to Care: Referral and Diagnostic Completion After School-Based Hearing Screening in Children : A Systematic Review. IJMDC. Online First: 30 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785675286

Web Style

Alabdali AK, Bukhari S, Mesawa OT, Alomar LM, Alkenany RAM, Alsayed FM, Waheeb A, Alharbi ES, Rajkhan FEH, Talab SH, Alolyan AA. From Detection to Care: Referral and Diagnostic Completion After School-Based Hearing Screening in Children : A Systematic Review. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=329855 [Access: September 30, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785675286

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alabdali AK, Bukhari S, Mesawa OT, Alomar LM, Alkenany RAM, Alsayed FM, Waheeb A, Alharbi ES, Rajkhan FEH, Talab SH, Alolyan AA. From Detection to Care: Referral and Diagnostic Completion After School-Based Hearing Screening in Children : A Systematic Review. IJMDC. Online First: 30 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785675286


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alabdali AK, Bukhari S, Mesawa OT, Alomar LM, Alkenany RAM, Alsayed FM, Waheeb A, Alharbi ES, Rajkhan FEH, Talab SH, Alolyan AA. From Detection to Care: Referral and Diagnostic Completion After School-Based Hearing Screening in Children : A Systematic Review. IJMDC, [cited September 30, 2026]; Online First: 30 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785675286


Harvard Style

Alabdali, A. K., Bukhari, . S., Mesawa, . O. T., Alomar, . L. M., Alkenany, . R. A. M., Alsayed, . F. M., Waheeb, . A., Alharbi, . E. S., Rajkhan, . F. E. H., Talab, . S. H. & Alolyan, . A. A. (2026) From Detection to Care: Referral and Diagnostic Completion After School-Based Hearing Screening in Children : A Systematic Review. IJMDC, Online First: 30 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785675286


Turabian Style

Alabdali, Alwaleed K, Sumaiyah Bukhari, Obai T Mesawa, Lana Madani Alomar, Rayyan Abdulraheem Mohammed Alkenany, Faisal Mansour Alsayed, Ahmed Waheeb, Esam Sameer Alharbi, Faisal Essam H Rajkhan, Sarah Hatem Talab, and Abdullah Abdulhameed Alolyan. 2026. From Detection to Care: Referral and Diagnostic Completion After School-Based Hearing Screening in Children : A Systematic Review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 30 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785675286


Chicago Style

Alabdali, Alwaleed K, Sumaiyah Bukhari, Obai T Mesawa, Lana Madani Alomar, Rayyan Abdulraheem Mohammed Alkenany, Faisal Mansour Alsayed, Ahmed Waheeb, Esam Sameer Alharbi, Faisal Essam H Rajkhan, Sarah Hatem Talab, and Abdullah Abdulhameed Alolyan. "From Detection to Care: Referral and Diagnostic Completion After School-Based Hearing Screening in Children : A Systematic Review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 30 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785675286


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alabdali, Alwaleed K, Sumaiyah Bukhari, Obai T Mesawa, Lana Madani Alomar, Rayyan Abdulraheem Mohammed Alkenany, Faisal Mansour Alsayed, Ahmed Waheeb, Esam Sameer Alharbi, Faisal Essam H Rajkhan, Sarah Hatem Talab, and Abdullah Abdulhameed Alolyan. "From Detection to Care: Referral and Diagnostic Completion After School-Based Hearing Screening in Children : A Systematic Review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 30 Sep, 2026. Web. 30 Sep 2026 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785675286


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alabdali, A. K., Bukhari, . S., Mesawa, . O. T., Alomar, . L. M., Alkenany, . R. A. M., Alsayed, . F. M., Waheeb, . A., Alharbi, . E. S., Rajkhan, . F. E. H., Talab, . S. H. & Alolyan, . A. A. (2026) From Detection to Care: Referral and Diagnostic Completion After School-Based Hearing Screening in Children : A Systematic Review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 30 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785675286




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