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Review Article
Online Published: 06 Jan 2025
 


Diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia management interventions in the emergency department

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi, Ahmed Abdulmughni Bukhari, Israa Abdullah Alhawas, Asma Abdulrahim Abdullah, Ahmed Ramadan Al Nadhry, Sarah Wasmi Albahar, Amjad Abdulhameed Alnaim, Abdulrahman Abdullah Alhawas, Mohammed Hathal Alotaibi, Faisal Kamal Alzahrani, Faisal Nasser Almuidh.


Abstract
Among patients with diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia crises are the most frequent acute consequences. One avoidable cause of death, illness, and decreased quality of life is hypoglycemia. The chance of having hypoglycemia doubles beyond the age of 60 years, making it more prevalent among older persons. With advancing age and a history of severe hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia is linked to death rates that increase two to three times. This study aimed to present evidence on the effectiveness of treatments used in the emergency management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hypoglycemia. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statements were followed in the conduction of this study. The comparators for either hypoglycemia or DKA were excluded from the search strategy to prevent restricting the search results. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies were considered, and only English-language articles were selected. The electronic health databases Medline, Cochrane, and Embase were searched for relevant content between the years 2019 and 2024. It was found that hypoglycemia can be effectively treated with both 10% and 50% dextrose. Sodium chloride and playmate-based fluid treatment had a greater impact, shortened hospital stays, and DKA recovery times. Similarly, a potassium content below 10 mmol/l raises mortality, and excessive use of fluids containing chloride was linked to prolonged hospital stays and a higher risk of comorbidities.

Key words: Diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, diabetes mellitus, emergency department, systemic review


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alanazi MM, Bukhari AA, Alhawas IA, Abdullah AA, Nadhry ARA, Albahar SW, Alnaim AA, Alhawas AA, Alotaibi MH, Alzahrani FK, Almuidh FN. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia management interventions in the emergency department. IJMDC. 2024; 8(12): 3850-3855. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1735318251

Web Style

Alanazi MM, Bukhari AA, Alhawas IA, Abdullah AA, Nadhry ARA, Albahar SW, Alnaim AA, Alhawas AA, Alotaibi MH, Alzahrani FK, Almuidh FN. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia management interventions in the emergency department. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=234964 [Access: October 14, 2025]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1735318251

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alanazi MM, Bukhari AA, Alhawas IA, Abdullah AA, Nadhry ARA, Albahar SW, Alnaim AA, Alhawas AA, Alotaibi MH, Alzahrani FK, Almuidh FN. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia management interventions in the emergency department. IJMDC. 2024; 8(12): 3850-3855. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1735318251


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alanazi MM, Bukhari AA, Alhawas IA, Abdullah AA, Nadhry ARA, Albahar SW, Alnaim AA, Alhawas AA, Alotaibi MH, Alzahrani FK, Almuidh FN. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia management interventions in the emergency department. IJMDC. (2024), [cited October 14, 2025]; 8(12): 3850-3855. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1735318251


Harvard Style

Alanazi, M. M., Bukhari, . A. A., Alhawas, . I. A., Abdullah, . A. A., Nadhry, . A. R. A., Albahar, . S. W., Alnaim, . A. A., Alhawas, . A. A., Alotaibi, . M. H., Alzahrani, . F. K. & Almuidh, . F. N. (2024) Diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia management interventions in the emergency department. IJMDC, 8 (12), 3850-3855. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1735318251


Turabian Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Ahmed Abdulmughni Bukhari, Israa Abdullah Alhawas, Asma Abdulrahim Abdullah, Ahmed Ramadan Al Nadhry, Sarah Wasmi Albahar, Amjad Abdulhameed Alnaim, Abdulrahman Abdullah Alhawas, Mohammed Hathal Alotaibi, Faisal Kamal Alzahrani, and Faisal Nasser Almuidh. 2024. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia management interventions in the emergency department. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 8 (12), 3850-3855. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1735318251


Chicago Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Ahmed Abdulmughni Bukhari, Israa Abdullah Alhawas, Asma Abdulrahim Abdullah, Ahmed Ramadan Al Nadhry, Sarah Wasmi Albahar, Amjad Abdulhameed Alnaim, Abdulrahman Abdullah Alhawas, Mohammed Hathal Alotaibi, Faisal Kamal Alzahrani, and Faisal Nasser Almuidh. "Diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia management interventions in the emergency department." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 8 (2024), 3850-3855. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1735318251


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Ahmed Abdulmughni Bukhari, Israa Abdullah Alhawas, Asma Abdulrahim Abdullah, Ahmed Ramadan Al Nadhry, Sarah Wasmi Albahar, Amjad Abdulhameed Alnaim, Abdulrahman Abdullah Alhawas, Mohammed Hathal Alotaibi, Faisal Kamal Alzahrani, and Faisal Nasser Almuidh. "Diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia management interventions in the emergency department." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 8.12 (2024), 3850-3855. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1735318251


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alanazi, M. M., Bukhari, . A. A., Alhawas, . I. A., Abdullah, . A. A., Nadhry, . A. R. A., Albahar, . S. W., Alnaim, . A. A., Alhawas, . A. A., Alotaibi, . M. H., Alzahrani, . F. K. & Almuidh, . F. N. (2024) Diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia management interventions in the emergency department. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 8 (12), 3850-3855. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1735318251




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