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Review Article
Online Published: 26 Sep 2025
 


Emergency management of testicular torsion, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi, Abdullah Mousa Almousa, Abdulaziz Nasser Alkudam, Bandar Hather A Alharthy, Hanouf Hamad Alhamyani, Turki Ali Salman Alshayeb, Saleh Ali Al-mesned, Abdulaziz Bin Dahmash, Abdulrahman Ibrahim Khardali, Dala Saad Alanazi.


Abstract
Testicular torsion (TT) is a time-sensitive emergency in which delayed diagnosis and treatment can result in testicular loss and impaired fertility. This systematic review aimed to discuss diagnostic approaches, emergency management strategies, and treatment outcomes of TT. A search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Ten original studies, including more than 6,700 patients in multiple countries, were included. The majority of cases occurred in adolescents and young adults, although older adults were also represented. Clinical predictors such as acute scrotal pain, swelling, and testicular elevation were consistent but nonspecific. Doppler ultrasonography showed high sensitivity, and point-of-care ultrasounds improved diagnostic efficiency in some studies. “Door-to-detorsion time” emerged as a critical determinant of outcomes, with every 10-minute surgical delay increasing the risk of non-viability. Testicular salvage rates varied, ranging from 41% in adults to over 70% in adolescents, with resource-limited settings experiencing orchiectomy rates exceeding 60%. Manual detorsion and accelerated care pathways were associated with improved outcomes. Minimizing diagnostic delays and optimizing institutional efficiency are central to reducing orchiectomy rates and preserving testicular function.

Key words: Testicular torsion, emergency management, testicular salvage, door-to-detorsion time, systematic review


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alanazi MM, Almousa AM, Alkudam AN, Alharthy BHA, Alhamyani HH, Alshayeb TAS, Al-mesned SA, Dahmash AB, Khardali AI, Alanazi DS. Emergency management of testicular torsion, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes. IJMDC. Online First: 26 Sep, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1757191543

Web Style

Alanazi MM, Almousa AM, Alkudam AN, Alharthy BHA, Alhamyani HH, Alshayeb TAS, Al-mesned SA, Dahmash AB, Khardali AI, Alanazi DS. Emergency management of testicular torsion, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=282326 [Access: October 14, 2025]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1757191543

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alanazi MM, Almousa AM, Alkudam AN, Alharthy BHA, Alhamyani HH, Alshayeb TAS, Al-mesned SA, Dahmash AB, Khardali AI, Alanazi DS. Emergency management of testicular torsion, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes. IJMDC. Online First: 26 Sep, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1757191543


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alanazi MM, Almousa AM, Alkudam AN, Alharthy BHA, Alhamyani HH, Alshayeb TAS, Al-mesned SA, Dahmash AB, Khardali AI, Alanazi DS. Emergency management of testicular torsion, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes. IJMDC, [cited October 14, 2025]; Online First: 26 Sep, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1757191543


Harvard Style

Alanazi, M. M., Almousa, . A. M., Alkudam, . A. N., Alharthy, . B. H. A., Alhamyani, . H. H., Alshayeb, . T. A. S., Al-mesned, . S. A., Dahmash, . A. B., Khardali, . A. I. & Alanazi, . D. S. (2025) Emergency management of testicular torsion, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes. IJMDC, Online First: 26 Sep, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1757191543


Turabian Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Abdullah Mousa Almousa, Abdulaziz Nasser Alkudam, Bandar Hather A Alharthy, Hanouf Hamad Alhamyani, Turki Ali Salman Alshayeb, Saleh Ali Al-mesned, Abdulaziz Bin Dahmash, Abdulrahman Ibrahim Khardali, and Dala Saad Alanazi. 2025. Emergency management of testicular torsion, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 26 Sep, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1757191543


Chicago Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Abdullah Mousa Almousa, Abdulaziz Nasser Alkudam, Bandar Hather A Alharthy, Hanouf Hamad Alhamyani, Turki Ali Salman Alshayeb, Saleh Ali Al-mesned, Abdulaziz Bin Dahmash, Abdulrahman Ibrahim Khardali, and Dala Saad Alanazi. "Emergency management of testicular torsion, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 26 Sep, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1757191543


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Abdullah Mousa Almousa, Abdulaziz Nasser Alkudam, Bandar Hather A Alharthy, Hanouf Hamad Alhamyani, Turki Ali Salman Alshayeb, Saleh Ali Al-mesned, Abdulaziz Bin Dahmash, Abdulrahman Ibrahim Khardali, and Dala Saad Alanazi. "Emergency management of testicular torsion, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 26 Sep, 2025. Web. 14 Oct 2025 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1757191543


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alanazi, M. M., Almousa, . A. M., Alkudam, . A. N., Alharthy, . B. H. A., Alhamyani, . H. H., Alshayeb, . T. A. S., Al-mesned, . S. A., Dahmash, . A. B., Khardali, . A. I. & Alanazi, . D. S. (2025) Emergency management of testicular torsion, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 26 Sep, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1757191543




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