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Original Article
Online Published: 02 Jan 2026
 


Prevalence of myopia and its association with electronic devices among university students in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia

Mahadi Abdellatif Bashir, Hassan Mahfouz Alghamdi, Abdulaziz M. Alzahrani, Saad Mesfer Alzahrani, Eyad Ghurmullah Alzahrani, Mohammed Mousa Alzahrani, Abdulmalik Ahmed Alzahrani, Osama Saad Alzahrani, Yahya Fahad Alzahrani.


Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explores the relationship between myopia and electronic device–use patterns among university students in the Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 476 university students using a validated online questionnaire. The survey collected sociodemographic data, myopia history, screen-use habits, and visual symptoms. The sample size was calculated using the Raosoft calculator at a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error.
Results: Myopia was reported by 57.5% of participants, and most cases (74.2%) were diagnosed before university. Daily screen exposure was high, with 34.3% using electronic devices for 6–8 hours. Eye strain (52.7%) and headaches (49.4%) were common symptoms. Significant associations were found between myopia and shorter viewing distances (p-value=0.004), infrequent breaks (p-value=0.002), and symptoms such as dry eyes and blurred vision. Myopia was also more prevalent among female students (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Myopia in university students was strongly associated with digital device–use behaviors. Extended screen time, close viewing distances, and poor break practices contribute to visual discomfort and might worsen myopia. These findings highlighted the need for interventions promoting healthy screen habits and regular visual breaks.

Key words: Myopia, screen time, electronic devices, university students, Saudi Arabia.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Bashir MA, Alghamdi HM, Alzahrani AM, Alzahrani SM, Alzahrani EG, Alzahrani MM, Alzahrani AA, Alzahrani OS, Alzahrani YF. Prevalence of myopia and its association with electronic devices among university students in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2025; 9(12): 3160-3166. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1763406099

Web Style

Bashir MA, Alghamdi HM, Alzahrani AM, Alzahrani SM, Alzahrani EG, Alzahrani MM, Alzahrani AA, Alzahrani OS, Alzahrani YF. Prevalence of myopia and its association with electronic devices among university students in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=297366 [Access: January 16, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1763406099

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Bashir MA, Alghamdi HM, Alzahrani AM, Alzahrani SM, Alzahrani EG, Alzahrani MM, Alzahrani AA, Alzahrani OS, Alzahrani YF. Prevalence of myopia and its association with electronic devices among university students in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2025; 9(12): 3160-3166. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1763406099


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Bashir MA, Alghamdi HM, Alzahrani AM, Alzahrani SM, Alzahrani EG, Alzahrani MM, Alzahrani AA, Alzahrani OS, Alzahrani YF. Prevalence of myopia and its association with electronic devices among university students in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. (2025), [cited January 16, 2026]; 9(12): 3160-3166. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1763406099


Harvard Style

Bashir, M. A., Alghamdi, . H. M., Alzahrani, . A. M., Alzahrani, . S. M., Alzahrani, . E. G., Alzahrani, . M. M., Alzahrani, . A. A., Alzahrani, . O. S. & Alzahrani, . Y. F. (2025) Prevalence of myopia and its association with electronic devices among university students in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, 9 (12), 3160-3166. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1763406099


Turabian Style

Bashir, Mahadi Abdellatif, Hassan Mahfouz Alghamdi, Abdulaziz M. Alzahrani, Saad Mesfer Alzahrani, Eyad Ghurmullah Alzahrani, Mohammed Mousa Alzahrani, Abdulmalik Ahmed Alzahrani, Osama Saad Alzahrani, and Yahya Fahad Alzahrani. 2025. Prevalence of myopia and its association with electronic devices among university students in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (12), 3160-3166. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1763406099


Chicago Style

Bashir, Mahadi Abdellatif, Hassan Mahfouz Alghamdi, Abdulaziz M. Alzahrani, Saad Mesfer Alzahrani, Eyad Ghurmullah Alzahrani, Mohammed Mousa Alzahrani, Abdulmalik Ahmed Alzahrani, Osama Saad Alzahrani, and Yahya Fahad Alzahrani. "Prevalence of myopia and its association with electronic devices among university students in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9 (2025), 3160-3166. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1763406099


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Bashir, Mahadi Abdellatif, Hassan Mahfouz Alghamdi, Abdulaziz M. Alzahrani, Saad Mesfer Alzahrani, Eyad Ghurmullah Alzahrani, Mohammed Mousa Alzahrani, Abdulmalik Ahmed Alzahrani, Osama Saad Alzahrani, and Yahya Fahad Alzahrani. "Prevalence of myopia and its association with electronic devices among university students in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9.12 (2025), 3160-3166. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1763406099


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Bashir, M. A., Alghamdi, . H. M., Alzahrani, . A. M., Alzahrani, . S. M., Alzahrani, . E. G., Alzahrani, . M. M., Alzahrani, . A. A., Alzahrani, . O. S. & Alzahrani, . Y. F. (2025) Prevalence of myopia and its association with electronic devices among university students in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (12), 3160-3166. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1763406099




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