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Review Article
Online Published: 14 Jan 2026
 


Assessment and rehabilitation using holographic projection-based augmented reality in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review

Biam Saydo, Reham A. Saydo, Ali Malik Alahmed, Yara Zaid Alfuraydi, Mohamed Hameed Alyoubi, Roaa Mohsin Hassan Alanbari, Aljuri Saleh Albalawi, Abbas F. Abdul Hussein, Shomos Hani Abdulqader Aldulaim, Hanin Abdullah Asiri, Anwar Fawzi Alqadeep, Lqsina Varmaghani.


Abstract
Dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD), presents major diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, with traditional assessments often limited by cost, accessibility, and ecological validity. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an innovative approach for evaluating and treating cognitive impairments by simulating real-world environments and tasks. A systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus identified 412 studies. After duplicate removal and screening, 20 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria. Studies were assessed for VR-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. VR tools included immersive navigation tasks (e.g., virtual supermarket, city navigation), cognitive training platforms (e.g., ANTaging, SCT-VR), and hybrid assessments such as the VARABOM test. Machine learning-integrated VR systems achieved 97–100% diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing MCI/AD from healthy controls, outperforming standard tests like the MoCA. VR-based interventions improved spatial navigation, visuospatial memory, executive function, and episodic recall, with some demonstrating transfer effects to hippocampal function. VR metrics, including navigational errors and time-to-completion, served as sensitive biomarkers for early detection and progression monitoring. Comparative studies found VR superior to paper-and-pencil tasks and non-VR activities in enhancing engagement and ecological validity, with adverse events being infrequent and mild. VR-based assessments and interventions demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity, therapeutic potential, and user acceptability in MCI and AD populations. Their integration into clinical practice might enable earlier detection, targeted cognitive training, and ecologically valid monitoring, positioning VR as a transformative tool in cognitive health care.

Key words: Machine learning, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, virtual reality, systematic review.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Saydo B, Saydo RA, Alahmed AM, Alfuraydi YZ, Alyoubi MH, Alanbari RMH, Albalawi AS, Hussein AFA, Aldulaim SHA, Asiri HA, Alqadeep AF, Varmaghani L. Assessment and rehabilitation using holographic projection-based augmented reality in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. IJMDC. 2026; 10(1): 363-375. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764629414

Web Style

Saydo B, Saydo RA, Alahmed AM, Alfuraydi YZ, Alyoubi MH, Alanbari RMH, Albalawi AS, Hussein AFA, Aldulaim SHA, Asiri HA, Alqadeep AF, Varmaghani L. Assessment and rehabilitation using holographic projection-based augmented reality in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=300760 [Access: January 25, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764629414

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Saydo B, Saydo RA, Alahmed AM, Alfuraydi YZ, Alyoubi MH, Alanbari RMH, Albalawi AS, Hussein AFA, Aldulaim SHA, Asiri HA, Alqadeep AF, Varmaghani L. Assessment and rehabilitation using holographic projection-based augmented reality in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. IJMDC. 2026; 10(1): 363-375. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764629414


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Saydo B, Saydo RA, Alahmed AM, Alfuraydi YZ, Alyoubi MH, Alanbari RMH, Albalawi AS, Hussein AFA, Aldulaim SHA, Asiri HA, Alqadeep AF, Varmaghani L. Assessment and rehabilitation using holographic projection-based augmented reality in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. IJMDC. (2026), [cited January 25, 2026]; 10(1): 363-375. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764629414


Harvard Style

Saydo, B., Saydo, . R. A., Alahmed, . A. M., Alfuraydi, . Y. Z., Alyoubi, . M. H., Alanbari, . R. M. H., Albalawi, . A. S., Hussein, . A. F. A., Aldulaim, . S. H. A., Asiri, . H. A., Alqadeep, . A. F. & Varmaghani, . L. (2026) Assessment and rehabilitation using holographic projection-based augmented reality in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. IJMDC, 10 (1), 363-375. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764629414


Turabian Style

Saydo, Biam, Reham A. Saydo, Ali Malik Alahmed, Yara Zaid Alfuraydi, Mohamed Hameed Alyoubi, Roaa Mohsin Hassan Alanbari, Aljuri Saleh Albalawi, Abbas F. Abdul Hussein, Shomos Hani Abdulqader Aldulaim, Hanin Abdullah Asiri, Anwar Fawzi Alqadeep, and Lqsina Varmaghani. 2026. Assessment and rehabilitation using holographic projection-based augmented reality in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (1), 363-375. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764629414


Chicago Style

Saydo, Biam, Reham A. Saydo, Ali Malik Alahmed, Yara Zaid Alfuraydi, Mohamed Hameed Alyoubi, Roaa Mohsin Hassan Alanbari, Aljuri Saleh Albalawi, Abbas F. Abdul Hussein, Shomos Hani Abdulqader Aldulaim, Hanin Abdullah Asiri, Anwar Fawzi Alqadeep, and Lqsina Varmaghani. "Assessment and rehabilitation using holographic projection-based augmented reality in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10 (2026), 363-375. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764629414


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Saydo, Biam, Reham A. Saydo, Ali Malik Alahmed, Yara Zaid Alfuraydi, Mohamed Hameed Alyoubi, Roaa Mohsin Hassan Alanbari, Aljuri Saleh Albalawi, Abbas F. Abdul Hussein, Shomos Hani Abdulqader Aldulaim, Hanin Abdullah Asiri, Anwar Fawzi Alqadeep, and Lqsina Varmaghani. "Assessment and rehabilitation using holographic projection-based augmented reality in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10.1 (2026), 363-375. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764629414


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Saydo, B., Saydo, . R. A., Alahmed, . A. M., Alfuraydi, . Y. Z., Alyoubi, . M. H., Alanbari, . R. M. H., Albalawi, . A. S., Hussein, . A. F. A., Aldulaim, . S. H. A., Asiri, . H. A., Alqadeep, . A. F. & Varmaghani, . L. (2026) Assessment and rehabilitation using holographic projection-based augmented reality in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (1), 363-375. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1764629414




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