Blunt vs penetrating abdominal trauma: ICU admission predictors and outcomes from the emergency department

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi; Alanoud Obaidallah Alharthi; Waleed Okash R Alanazi; Shahad Yasir Mohamed; Elaf Saad Alrimthi; Malak Sulaiman AlRejaye; Reema Abdulrahman Alrohaimi; Fuad Mohammed Almutaani; Omar Mansour Alotaibi; Mohammed Radhi AlNusser; Asma Fahad Alshahrani

doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767379267

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Online Published: 20 Jan 2026

IJMDC. 2026; 10(1): 557-563

doi: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767379267

Blunt versus penetrating abdominal trauma: ICU admission predictors and outcomes from the emergency department

Mazi Mohammed Alanazi, Alanoud Obaidallah Alharthi, Waleed Okash R. Alanazi, Shahad Yasir Mohamed, Elaf Saad Alrimthi, Malak Sulaiman Alrejaye, Reema Abdulrahman Alrohaimi, Fuad Mohammed Almutaani, Omar Mansour Alotaibi, Mohammed Radhi Alnusser, Asma Fahad Alshahrani.

Abstract
Intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate after abdominal trauma is affected by the mechanism of injury, early physiology, diagnostic accuracy, and operative strategy. Clinical findings alone cannot exclude blunt intra-abdominal injury; focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) has limited sensitivity, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound improves detection. To compare predictors of ICU admission and ED-linked outcomes in blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. A PRISMA-guided systematic review was conducted of original studies in ED patients with blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma. The primary outcome was ICU admission. Secondary outcomes included mortality, urgent laparotomy control surgery, transfusion, complications, and ICU length of stay. Databases searched include (PubMed, WOS, and Scopus). Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Total 9 studies were included, most were retrospective cohorts or registry-based analyses conducted in Canada, the Netherlands, Turkiye, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Thailand, and Yemen. Sample sizes ranged from 40 to 3,888 participants. Study populations included blunt abdominal trauma, penetrating abdominal trauma, or mixed mechanisms. It was found that hemodynamic instability, higher injury severity, positive FAST findings, and emergent operative intervention predicted ICU admission and outcomes. ICU triage after abdominal trauma should be guided by early physiology, injury severity, imaging findings, and the need for urgent operative control. Isolated clinical assessment cannot safely exclude blunt intra-abdominal injury, and FAST is valuable for rapid rule-in decisions.

Key words: Abdominal trauma, blunt injury, penetrating injury, intensive care unit admission, emergency department triage, predictors, FAST, damage control surgery.

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Pubmed Style

Alanazi MM, Alharthi AO, Alanazi WOR, Mohamed SY, Alrimthi ES, Alrejaye MS, Alrohaimi RA, Almutaani FM, Alotaibi OM, Alnusser MR, Alshahrani AF. Blunt versus penetrating abdominal trauma: ICU admission predictors and outcomes from the emergency department. IJMDC. 2026; 10(1): 557-563. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767379267

Web Style

Alanazi MM, Alharthi AO, Alanazi WOR, Mohamed SY, Alrimthi ES, Alrejaye MS, Alrohaimi RA, Almutaani FM, Alotaibi OM, Alnusser MR, Alshahrani AF. Blunt versus penetrating abdominal trauma: ICU admission predictors and outcomes from the emergency department. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=305346 [Access: January 25, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767379267

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alanazi MM, Alharthi AO, Alanazi WOR, Mohamed SY, Alrimthi ES, Alrejaye MS, Alrohaimi RA, Almutaani FM, Alotaibi OM, Alnusser MR, Alshahrani AF. Blunt versus penetrating abdominal trauma: ICU admission predictors and outcomes from the emergency department. IJMDC. 2026; 10(1): 557-563. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767379267

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alanazi MM, Alharthi AO, Alanazi WOR, Mohamed SY, Alrimthi ES, Alrejaye MS, Alrohaimi RA, Almutaani FM, Alotaibi OM, Alnusser MR, Alshahrani AF. Blunt versus penetrating abdominal trauma: ICU admission predictors and outcomes from the emergency department. IJMDC. (2026), [cited January 25, 2026]; 10(1): 557-563. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767379267

Harvard Style

Alanazi, M. M., Alharthi, . A. O., Alanazi, . W. O. R., Mohamed, . S. Y., Alrimthi, . E. S., Alrejaye, . M. S., Alrohaimi, . R. A., Almutaani, . F. M., Alotaibi, . O. M., Alnusser, . M. R. & Alshahrani, . A. F. (2026) Blunt versus penetrating abdominal trauma: ICU admission predictors and outcomes from the emergency department. IJMDC, 10 (1), 557-563. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767379267

Turabian Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Alanoud Obaidallah Alharthi, Waleed Okash R. Alanazi, Shahad Yasir Mohamed, Elaf Saad Alrimthi, Malak Sulaiman Alrejaye, Reema Abdulrahman Alrohaimi, Fuad Mohammed Almutaani, Omar Mansour Alotaibi, Mohammed Radhi Alnusser, and Asma Fahad Alshahrani. 2026. Blunt versus penetrating abdominal trauma: ICU admission predictors and outcomes from the emergency department. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (1), 557-563. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767379267

Chicago Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Alanoud Obaidallah Alharthi, Waleed Okash R. Alanazi, Shahad Yasir Mohamed, Elaf Saad Alrimthi, Malak Sulaiman Alrejaye, Reema Abdulrahman Alrohaimi, Fuad Mohammed Almutaani, Omar Mansour Alotaibi, Mohammed Radhi Alnusser, and Asma Fahad Alshahrani. "Blunt versus penetrating abdominal trauma: ICU admission predictors and outcomes from the emergency department." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10 (2026), 557-563. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767379267

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alanazi, Mazi Mohammed, Alanoud Obaidallah Alharthi, Waleed Okash R. Alanazi, Shahad Yasir Mohamed, Elaf Saad Alrimthi, Malak Sulaiman Alrejaye, Reema Abdulrahman Alrohaimi, Fuad Mohammed Almutaani, Omar Mansour Alotaibi, Mohammed Radhi Alnusser, and Asma Fahad Alshahrani. "Blunt versus penetrating abdominal trauma: ICU admission predictors and outcomes from the emergency department." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10.1 (2026), 557-563. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767379267

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alanazi, M. M., Alharthi, . A. O., Alanazi, . W. O. R., Mohamed, . S. Y., Alrimthi, . E. S., Alrejaye, . M. S., Alrohaimi, . R. A., Almutaani, . F. M., Alotaibi, . O. M., Alnusser, . M. R. & Alshahrani, . A. F. (2026) Blunt versus penetrating abdominal trauma: ICU admission predictors and outcomes from the emergency department. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (1), 557-563. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767379267

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