Epidemiology and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Idiopathic Epilepsy in the United States, 1990–2023

Hani Abdulali Althobaiti; Danah Yasir Alnaim; Tojan A. Alobaid; Atheer A. Althagafi; Hajar Almutairi; Lujain Sharaf Alshaikh; Naif Fahad Alzaidi; Saeed Mohammed Alghamdi; Riyadh Alzahrani; Wesal Mohammedsaleh; Mahmood Alkhatieb

doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1775494074

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Original Article
Online Published: 18 Jun 2026

IJMDC. 2026; 10(5):

doi: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1775494074

Epidemiology and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Idiopathic Epilepsy in the United States, 1990–2023

Hani Abdulali Althobaiti, Danah Yasir Alnaim, Tojan A. Alobaid, Atheer A. Althagafi, Hajar Almutairi, Lujain Sharaf Alshaikh, Naif Fahad Alzaidi, Saeed Mohammed Alghamdi, Riyadh Alzahrani, Wesal Mohammedsaleh, Mahmood Alkhatieb.

Abstract
Background: Pediatric epilepsy remains a major cause of neurologic morbidity in the United States, yet long term national patterns in idiopathic epilepsy across childhood have not been fully characterized. This study assessed the burden and temporal trends of pediatric idiopathic epilepsy in the United States (US) from 1990 to 2023 and projected future patterns through 2050.
Methods: A retrospective population based study was conducted using data from the Global Burden of Disease database. The population of children aged 0-14 years was selected and stratified into four subgroups: those aged less than 1 year, those aged 2-4 years, those aged 5–9 years, and those aged 10-14 years. Incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were measured and expressed per 100,000. Trends from 1990 to 2023 were summarized using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). Sex-specific and state-level patterns were also examined. Forecasts for 2024-2050 were generated using autoregressive integrated moving average models.
Results: Incidence declined in children younger than 5 years but increased in those aged 5-14 years, with the largest increase in the 10-14-year group. The prevalence continued to be higher in older children, with children aged 10-14 years showing the highest prevalence. Mortality rates increased across all pediatric age groups, with the greatest increase seen in children aged 10-14 years. The rate of DALYs increased over time, with the greatest rate seen in infants and the greatest burden seen in older children. Males consistently had higher rates than females, but females tended to have higher percentage increases. Substantial geographic variation was noted, with the greatest burden seen in the southern and midwestern states in 2023. Forecasting indicated that the burden would be sustained through 2050, with mortality and DALYs showing the greatest burden.
Conclusion: Pediatric idiopathic epilepsy remains a significant and unevenly distributed burden in the US. The disparities in incidence by age, gender, and state emphasize the necessity for prevention and management strategies.

Key words: Pediatric idiopathic epilepsy, incidence; prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, United States.

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Pubmed Style

Althobaiti HA, Alnaim DY, Alobaid TA, Althagafi AA, Almutairi H, Alshaikh LS, Alzaidi NF, Alghamdi SM, Alzahrani R, Mohammedsaleh W, Alkhatieb M. Epidemiology and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Idiopathic Epilepsy in the United States, 1990–2023. IJMDC. Online First: 18 Jun, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1775494074

Web Style

Althobaiti HA, Alnaim DY, Alobaid TA, Althagafi AA, Almutairi H, Alshaikh LS, Alzaidi NF, Alghamdi SM, Alzahrani R, Mohammedsaleh W, Alkhatieb M. Epidemiology and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Idiopathic Epilepsy in the United States, 1990–2023. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=316576 [Access: June 26, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1775494074

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Althobaiti HA, Alnaim DY, Alobaid TA, Althagafi AA, Almutairi H, Alshaikh LS, Alzaidi NF, Alghamdi SM, Alzahrani R, Mohammedsaleh W, Alkhatieb M. Epidemiology and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Idiopathic Epilepsy in the United States, 1990–2023. IJMDC. Online First: 18 Jun, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1775494074

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Althobaiti HA, Alnaim DY, Alobaid TA, Althagafi AA, Almutairi H, Alshaikh LS, Alzaidi NF, Alghamdi SM, Alzahrani R, Mohammedsaleh W, Alkhatieb M. Epidemiology and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Idiopathic Epilepsy in the United States, 1990–2023. IJMDC, [cited June 26, 2026]; Online First: 18 Jun, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1775494074

Harvard Style

Althobaiti, H. A., Alnaim, . D. Y., Alobaid, . T. A., Althagafi, . A. A., Almutairi, . H., Alshaikh, . L. S., Alzaidi, . N. F., Alghamdi, . S. M., Alzahrani, . R., Mohammedsaleh, . W. & Alkhatieb, . M. (2026) Epidemiology and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Idiopathic Epilepsy in the United States, 1990–2023. IJMDC, Online First: 18 Jun, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1775494074

Turabian Style

Althobaiti, Hani Abdulali, Danah Yasir Alnaim, Tojan A. Alobaid, Atheer A. Althagafi, Hajar Almutairi, Lujain Sharaf Alshaikh, Naif Fahad Alzaidi, Saeed Mohammed Alghamdi, Riyadh Alzahrani, Wesal Mohammedsaleh, and Mahmood Alkhatieb. 2026. Epidemiology and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Idiopathic Epilepsy in the United States, 1990–2023. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 18 Jun, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1775494074

Chicago Style

Althobaiti, Hani Abdulali, Danah Yasir Alnaim, Tojan A. Alobaid, Atheer A. Althagafi, Hajar Almutairi, Lujain Sharaf Alshaikh, Naif Fahad Alzaidi, Saeed Mohammed Alghamdi, Riyadh Alzahrani, Wesal Mohammedsaleh, and Mahmood Alkhatieb. "Epidemiology and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Idiopathic Epilepsy in the United States, 1990–2023." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 18 Jun, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1775494074

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Althobaiti, Hani Abdulali, Danah Yasir Alnaim, Tojan A. Alobaid, Atheer A. Althagafi, Hajar Almutairi, Lujain Sharaf Alshaikh, Naif Fahad Alzaidi, Saeed Mohammed Alghamdi, Riyadh Alzahrani, Wesal Mohammedsaleh, and Mahmood Alkhatieb. "Epidemiology and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Idiopathic Epilepsy in the United States, 1990–2023." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 18 Jun, 2026. Web. 26 Jun 2026 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1775494074

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Althobaiti, H. A., Alnaim, . D. Y., Alobaid, . T. A., Althagafi, . A. A., Almutairi, . H., Alshaikh, . L. S., Alzaidi, . N. F., Alghamdi, . S. M., Alzahrani, . R., Mohammedsaleh, . W. & Alkhatieb, . M. (2026) Epidemiology and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Idiopathic Epilepsy in the United States, 1990–2023. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 18 Jun, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1775494074

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