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2026, Vol: 10, Issue: 8
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Original Article
Online Published: 16 Aug 2026
 


Awareness regarding smokeless tobacco (Shamma) as a cause of oral cancer in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Raghad Faisal Aljuhani, Khalid Sultan Alrougi, Badr Salem Alsaeedi, Mais Mulham Alkubaisi, Khalid Bandr Bahadad, Ahmed Anas Alshanqiti, Ahmad Mohammed Alawi, Yazeed Abdullah Alyasi, Naif Bawazeer.


Abstract
Objective:
This study aimed to assess awareness regarding the association between smokeless tobacco use and oral cancer among adult residents of Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 438 adults living in Makkah using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, awareness of oral cancer, knowledge of risk factors, smokeless tobacco use, attitude, and healthcare exposure were collected.
Results:
Overall, 62.8% of participants had heard of oral cancer. Smoking (83.8%), smokeless tobacco (62.1%), and khat use (66.9%) were the most commonly recognized risk factors. High knowledge levels were observed in 34.0% of participants, whereas 28.1% demonstrated poor knowledge. Most participants had never smoked (79.0%) or used Shamma (95.2%). Healthcare exposure was limited, with only 5.6% reporting that healthcare providers had asked about Shamma use. Higher awareness was significantly associated with job status, family income, healthcare visits, exposure to health warnings about Shamma, and recognition of chewing tobacco as a risk factor for oral cancer (p-value<0.05).
Conclusion:
Awareness of the association between Shamma and oral cancer was moderate among adults in Makkah, with important gaps in knowledge. Strengthening public education, tobacco cessation programs, and healthcare provider involvement may improve awareness and support oral cancer prevention.

Key words: Oral cancer, smokeless tobacco, Shamma, awareness, Saudi Arabia, Makkah


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Aljuhani RF, Alrougi KS, Alsaeedi BS, Alkubaisi MM, Bahadad KB, Alshanqiti AA, Alawi AM, Alyasi YA, Bawazeer N. Awareness regarding smokeless tobacco (Shamma) as a cause of oral cancer in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. IJMDC. Online First: 16 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783517476

Web Style

Aljuhani RF, Alrougi KS, Alsaeedi BS, Alkubaisi MM, Bahadad KB, Alshanqiti AA, Alawi AM, Alyasi YA, Bawazeer N. Awareness regarding smokeless tobacco (Shamma) as a cause of oral cancer in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=327168 [Access: August 16, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783517476

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Aljuhani RF, Alrougi KS, Alsaeedi BS, Alkubaisi MM, Bahadad KB, Alshanqiti AA, Alawi AM, Alyasi YA, Bawazeer N. Awareness regarding smokeless tobacco (Shamma) as a cause of oral cancer in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. IJMDC. Online First: 16 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783517476


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Aljuhani RF, Alrougi KS, Alsaeedi BS, Alkubaisi MM, Bahadad KB, Alshanqiti AA, Alawi AM, Alyasi YA, Bawazeer N. Awareness regarding smokeless tobacco (Shamma) as a cause of oral cancer in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. IJMDC, [cited August 16, 2026]; Online First: 16 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783517476


Harvard Style

Aljuhani, R. F., Alrougi, . K. S., Alsaeedi, . B. S., Alkubaisi, . M. M., Bahadad, . K. B., Alshanqiti, . A. A., Alawi, . A. M., Alyasi, . Y. A. & Bawazeer, . N. (2026) Awareness regarding smokeless tobacco (Shamma) as a cause of oral cancer in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. IJMDC, Online First: 16 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783517476


Turabian Style

Aljuhani, Raghad Faisal, Khalid Sultan Alrougi, Badr Salem Alsaeedi, Mais Mulham Alkubaisi, Khalid Bandr Bahadad, Ahmed Anas Alshanqiti, Ahmad Mohammed Alawi, Yazeed Abdullah Alyasi, and Naif Bawazeer. 2026. Awareness regarding smokeless tobacco (Shamma) as a cause of oral cancer in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 16 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783517476


Chicago Style

Aljuhani, Raghad Faisal, Khalid Sultan Alrougi, Badr Salem Alsaeedi, Mais Mulham Alkubaisi, Khalid Bandr Bahadad, Ahmed Anas Alshanqiti, Ahmad Mohammed Alawi, Yazeed Abdullah Alyasi, and Naif Bawazeer. "Awareness regarding smokeless tobacco (Shamma) as a cause of oral cancer in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 16 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783517476


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Aljuhani, Raghad Faisal, Khalid Sultan Alrougi, Badr Salem Alsaeedi, Mais Mulham Alkubaisi, Khalid Bandr Bahadad, Ahmed Anas Alshanqiti, Ahmad Mohammed Alawi, Yazeed Abdullah Alyasi, and Naif Bawazeer. "Awareness regarding smokeless tobacco (Shamma) as a cause of oral cancer in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 16 Aug, 2026. Web. 16 Aug 2026 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783517476


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Aljuhani, R. F., Alrougi, . K. S., Alsaeedi, . B. S., Alkubaisi, . M. M., Bahadad, . K. B., Alshanqiti, . A. A., Alawi, . A. M., Alyasi, . Y. A. & Bawazeer, . N. (2026) Awareness regarding smokeless tobacco (Shamma) as a cause of oral cancer in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 16 Aug, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783517476




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