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Original Article
Online Published: 13 Oct 2026
 


Public awareness, knowledge and confidence in emergency first aid during hajj: a cross-sectional study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Basem Hasan Alshareef, Arwa Yasser Sadis, Roua Fahad Alghamdi, Moroj Mohammed Alzahrani, Ghidi Khaleel Saddiqi, Samer Fahad Alabdali, Abdullah Osamah Krenshi, Arwa F Flemban.


Abstract
Objective:
This study aimed to assess the awareness, knowledge, and confidence in administering first aid during hajj among Makkah residents in 2024.
Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was carried out between June and July 2024 on 588 adult Arabic speakers through an online questionnaire. The tool comprised assessments of demographics, awareness of the emergency phone number, knowledge of first aid in case of emergency, previous training, and confidence. This study was guided by public health concepts related to mass gatherings where emergency preparedness is seen as a function of communication, language, occupation, inclusivity, and the role of the state.
Results:
The proportion of those who were able to identify the emergency number (997) as correct was 21.9%, but the percentage of those who attained an acceptable knowledge score was 48.5%. There was high correctness for choking management (67.1%), and low correctness for heat-stroke management (18.0%) and basic trauma management (28.9%). Knowledge was statistically correlated with prior first aid training (p=0.023). There were also many people who lacked confidence in administering first aid.
Conclusion:
A number of deficiencies in community preparedness were noted, especially in relation to awareness of the emergency telephone number and handling of heat stroke and trauma patients. The relationship between training and knowledge underscores the importance of first aid training, although persistently low levels of confidence indicated that training might not necessarily be enough. Culturally sensitive, accessible, and skill-based training, coupled with an effective emergency communication system, is necessary for bystander preparedness in Hajj.

Key words: Emergency preparedness, first aid, hajj, public health, community awareness, Saudi Arabia


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alshareef BH, Sadis AY, Alghamdi RF, Alzahrani MM, Saddiqi GK, Alabdali SF, Krenshi AO, Flemban AF. Public awareness, knowledge and confidence in emergency first aid during hajj: a cross-sectional study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. Online First: 13 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1786259025

Web Style

Alshareef BH, Sadis AY, Alghamdi RF, Alzahrani MM, Saddiqi GK, Alabdali SF, Krenshi AO, Flemban AF. Public awareness, knowledge and confidence in emergency first aid during hajj: a cross-sectional study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=330697 [Access: October 13, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1786259025

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alshareef BH, Sadis AY, Alghamdi RF, Alzahrani MM, Saddiqi GK, Alabdali SF, Krenshi AO, Flemban AF. Public awareness, knowledge and confidence in emergency first aid during hajj: a cross-sectional study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. Online First: 13 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1786259025


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alshareef BH, Sadis AY, Alghamdi RF, Alzahrani MM, Saddiqi GK, Alabdali SF, Krenshi AO, Flemban AF. Public awareness, knowledge and confidence in emergency first aid during hajj: a cross-sectional study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, [cited October 13, 2026]; Online First: 13 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1786259025


Harvard Style

Alshareef, B. H., Sadis, . A. Y., Alghamdi, . R. F., Alzahrani, . M. M., Saddiqi, . G. K., Alabdali, . S. F., Krenshi, . A. O. & Flemban, . A. F. (2026) Public awareness, knowledge and confidence in emergency first aid during hajj: a cross-sectional study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, Online First: 13 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1786259025


Turabian Style

Alshareef, Basem Hasan, Arwa Yasser Sadis, Roua Fahad Alghamdi, Moroj Mohammed Alzahrani, Ghidi Khaleel Saddiqi, Samer Fahad Alabdali, Abdullah Osamah Krenshi, and Arwa F Flemban. 2026. Public awareness, knowledge and confidence in emergency first aid during hajj: a cross-sectional study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 13 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1786259025


Chicago Style

Alshareef, Basem Hasan, Arwa Yasser Sadis, Roua Fahad Alghamdi, Moroj Mohammed Alzahrani, Ghidi Khaleel Saddiqi, Samer Fahad Alabdali, Abdullah Osamah Krenshi, and Arwa F Flemban. "Public awareness, knowledge and confidence in emergency first aid during hajj: a cross-sectional study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 13 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1786259025


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alshareef, Basem Hasan, Arwa Yasser Sadis, Roua Fahad Alghamdi, Moroj Mohammed Alzahrani, Ghidi Khaleel Saddiqi, Samer Fahad Alabdali, Abdullah Osamah Krenshi, and Arwa F Flemban. "Public awareness, knowledge and confidence in emergency first aid during hajj: a cross-sectional study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 13 Oct, 2026. Web. 13 Oct 2026 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1786259025


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alshareef, B. H., Sadis, . A. Y., Alghamdi, . R. F., Alzahrani, . M. M., Saddiqi, . G. K., Alabdali, . S. F., Krenshi, . A. O. & Flemban, . A. F. (2026) Public awareness, knowledge and confidence in emergency first aid during hajj: a cross-sectional study in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 13 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1786259025




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