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Original Article
Online Published: 02 Oct 2026
 


Awareness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its determinants in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia

Abdulrahman Abdullah Al Madhi, Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Almutairi, Ahmed Hani Babkour, Abdullah Mohammed Altantawi, Mohammed Hazzaa Alshareef, Ahmed Yasser Elgharw, Omar Yasser Elgharw, Abdulrahman Mohammed Bedaiwi, Mohammad Mahmoud Alkot.


Abstract
Objective:
This study aimed to assess the level of awareness and knowledge of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) among adults in the Makkah region and to examine its sociodemographic determinants.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study used a structured, self-administered, Arabic-language questionnaire distributed electronically through social media. The instrument captured sociodemographic characteristics and 17 knowledge items covering disease definition, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, complications, and prevention, each scored as correct (2), don't know (1), or incorrect (0), yielding a total score of 0-34 categorized as good (≥75%), moderate (50-74.9%), or poor (<50%). Associations with sociodemographic variables were examined using Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression.
Results:
Of 403 responses collected, 401 adults (99.5%) met the inclusion criteria after two participants who declined consent were excluded. The mean knowledge score was 23.0±4.0 (67.6±11.8%). Good awareness was found in 136 participants (33.9%), moderate awareness in 260 (64.8%), and poor awareness in 5 (1.2%). Nearly one-third (32.4%) had never heard of MASLD, and physicians were the leading information source (28.4%). Knowledge of the protective role of a healthy diet (82.0%) was high, whereas knowledge of disease staging (16.7%) and confirmatory diagnosis (23.7%) was poor. No sociodemographic variable was significantly associated with good awareness.
Conclusion:
This study showed that MASLD awareness among Makkah region adults was predominantly moderate, with notable gaps in clinical knowledge, supporting the need for targeted community and clinician-led educational interventions.

Key words: MASLD, NAFLD, Saudi Arabia, awareness, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, determinants


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Madhi AAA, Almutairi AA, Babkour AH, Altantawi AM, Alshareef MH, Elgharw AY, Elgharw OY, Bedaiwi AM, Alkot MM. Awareness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its determinants in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. Online First: 02 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1788095827

Web Style

Madhi AAA, Almutairi AA, Babkour AH, Altantawi AM, Alshareef MH, Elgharw AY, Elgharw OY, Bedaiwi AM, Alkot MM. Awareness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its determinants in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=333039 [Access: October 03, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1788095827

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Madhi AAA, Almutairi AA, Babkour AH, Altantawi AM, Alshareef MH, Elgharw AY, Elgharw OY, Bedaiwi AM, Alkot MM. Awareness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its determinants in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. Online First: 02 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1788095827


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Madhi AAA, Almutairi AA, Babkour AH, Altantawi AM, Alshareef MH, Elgharw AY, Elgharw OY, Bedaiwi AM, Alkot MM. Awareness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its determinants in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, [cited October 03, 2026]; Online First: 02 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1788095827


Harvard Style

Madhi, A. A. A., Almutairi, . A. A., Babkour, . A. H., Altantawi, . A. M., Alshareef, . M. H., Elgharw, . A. Y., Elgharw, . O. Y., Bedaiwi, . A. M. & Alkot, . M. M. (2026) Awareness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its determinants in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, Online First: 02 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1788095827


Turabian Style

Madhi, Abdulrahman Abdullah Al, Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Almutairi, Ahmed Hani Babkour, Abdullah Mohammed Altantawi, Mohammed Hazzaa Alshareef, Ahmed Yasser Elgharw, Omar Yasser Elgharw, Abdulrahman Mohammed Bedaiwi, and Mohammad Mahmoud Alkot. 2026. Awareness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its determinants in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 02 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1788095827


Chicago Style

Madhi, Abdulrahman Abdullah Al, Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Almutairi, Ahmed Hani Babkour, Abdullah Mohammed Altantawi, Mohammed Hazzaa Alshareef, Ahmed Yasser Elgharw, Omar Yasser Elgharw, Abdulrahman Mohammed Bedaiwi, and Mohammad Mahmoud Alkot. "Awareness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its determinants in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 02 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1788095827


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Madhi, Abdulrahman Abdullah Al, Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Almutairi, Ahmed Hani Babkour, Abdullah Mohammed Altantawi, Mohammed Hazzaa Alshareef, Ahmed Yasser Elgharw, Omar Yasser Elgharw, Abdulrahman Mohammed Bedaiwi, and Mohammad Mahmoud Alkot. "Awareness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its determinants in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 02 Oct, 2026. Web. 03 Oct 2026 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1788095827


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Madhi, A. A. A., Almutairi, . A. A., Babkour, . A. H., Altantawi, . A. M., Alshareef, . M. H., Elgharw, . A. Y., Elgharw, . O. Y., Bedaiwi, . A. M. & Alkot, . M. M. (2026) Awareness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its determinants in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 02 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1788095827




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